Water Resources Planning PDF
Preview Water Resources Planning
W A T E R R E S O U R C E S P L A N N I N G Fundamentals for an Integrated Framework Fourth Edition Andrew A. Dzurik Florida State University Tara Shenoy Kulkarni Norwich University Bonnie Kranzer Boland Johns Hopkins University ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Executive Editor: Susan McEachern Editorial Assistant: Katelyn Turner Senior Marketing Manager: Kim Lyons Credits and acknowledgments for material borrowed from other sources, and reproduced with permission, appear on the appropriate page within the text. Published by Rowman & Littlefield An imprint of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com 6 Tinworth Street, London SE11 5AL, United Kingdom Copyright © 2019 by The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. First edition 1990. Second edition 1996. Third edition 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Dzurik, Andrew Albert, 1940– author. | Kulkarni, Tara S., 1977– author. | Boland, Bonnie Kranzer, 1952– author. Title: Water resources planning : fundamentals for an integrated framework / Andrew A. Dzurik, Tara Shenoy Kulkarni, Bonnie Kranzer Boland. Description: Fourth edition. | Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018030018 (print) | LCCN 2018035926 (ebook) | ISBN 9781442254008 (electronic) | ISBN 9781442253995 (cloth : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Water resources development—Planning. | Water resources development— United States—Planning. | Water—Law and legislation. | Water—Law and legislation— United States. Classification: LCC HD1691 (ebook) | LCC HD1691 .D96 2018 (print) | DDC 333.91/170973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018030018 ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America Brief Contents List of Figures and Tables xvii Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Abbreviations xxv 1 Introduction: The Watery Planet 1 2 The Planning Process 24 3 Hydrologic Fundamentals 64 4 Water Use and Supply 88 5 Water Law 131 6 Federal Agencies, Legislation, and Intergovernmental Cooperation 147 7 State and Intergovernmental Agencies and Programs 172 8 Water Quality 194 9 Economic Analysis 232 10 Floodplain Management 270 11 Stormwater Planning and Management 305 12 Models in Water Resources Planning 328 — iii — iv Brief Contents 13 Other Planning Issues 361 14 Future Directions 386 Appendix A. Federal Information Sources 403 Appendix B: Conversion Table 411 Glossary 413 Bibliography 429 Index 459 About the Authors 477 Contents List of Figures and Tables xvii Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Abbreviations xxv 1 Introduction: The Watery Planet 1 Troubled Waters 2 Calming Seas 5 Navigating the Path 7 Watermarks 9 Historical Perspectives on Water Resources Development 9 Evolution of Water Resources Planning 11 1800 to 1900: Emergence of Water Resources Planning 12 1901 to 1933: Multipurpose Projects 12 1934 to 1943: Economic Considerations 14 1944 to 1969: Multiobjective Focus 15 1970 to 1980: Environmental Era 16 1981 to 2018: Devolution and Environmental Protection 18 Diving In: Scope of the Book 18 Study Questions 20 Notes 21 — v — vi Contents 2 The Planning Process 24 Introduction 24 Key Terms 25 Scope of Planning 26 Levels of Planning 26 The Water Resources Planning Process 27 Planning Steps 29 Problem Identification 29 Data Collection and Analysis 29 Goals and Objectives 32 Problem Diagnosis 34 Formulation of Alternatives 34 Analysis of Alternatives 34 Evaluation and Recommendations 35 Implementation 37 Surveillance and Monitoring 37 The Rational Planning Model 38 Incorporation of Planning in Federal Activity 38 The Benefit-Cost Approach 38 Problems with the Rational Planning Model 39 Technical Adjustments 40 Incrementalism 40 Optimization 40 Multiple-Objective Approach 41 Social and Political Adjustments 41 Advocacy Planning 41 Citizen Participation 42 Radical Planning 42 Trends in Planning 43 Risk Assessment 43 Alternative Dispute Resolution 44 Adaptive Management 46 Collaborative Governance 48 Integrated Water Resources Management 50 Savannah River Basin 52 McKenzie River Basin 54 Benefits of IWRM 55 Barriers to IWRM 56 Obstacles to Planning 57 Benefits of Planning 58 Study Questions 59 Notes 60 Contents vii 3 Hydrologic Fundamentals 64 Introduction 64 Key Terms 65 The Hydrologic Cycle and Water Budget 67 Hydrologic Cycle 67 Precipitation 68 Infiltration 69 Evaporation and Transpiration 69 Surface Runoff 70 Groundwater Flow 70 Water Budget 71 Groundwater Systems 73 Occurrence 73 Porosity 75 Permeability 76 Optimal Yield 78 Groundwater Quality 79 Surface Water 79 Occurrence 80 Watersheds 81 Surface Water Quality 83 Groundwater/Surface Interactions 84 Conclusion 84 Study Questions 85 Notes 85 4 Water Use and Supply 88 Introduction 88 Key Terms 89 Water Use 91 Water Use by Category 94 Thermoelectric Power Use 94 Irrigation Use 95 Public Supply Use 98 Industrial Use 100 Mining, Aquaculture, and Livestock Uses 100 Water Supply 101 Alternative Sources (or Supply) 105 Desalination 106 Reclaimed Water 106 Planning for Future Water Use 107 viii Contents Forecasting Methodologies 107 Demand Forecasting 107 Time Extrapolation 108 Single-Coefficient Methods 108 Multiple-Coefficient Methods 109 Probabilistic Analysis 111 IWR-MAIN 111 Understanding Municipal Water Use 111 Explaining Municipal Water Use 112 State of the Art 115 Conclusion 115 Water Conservation 116 Supply Forecasting 117 Reservoirs 118 Mass Diagram Analysis 119 Sequent-Peak Method 121 Optimization Models 121 The Water “Supply” Problem 122 Conclusion 124 Study Questions 125 Notes 126 5 Water Law 131 Introduction 131 Key Terms 132 Riparian Rights 132 Prior Appropriation 133 Summary of Riparian and Prior Appropriation Rights 136 Groundwater Law 136 Federal Reserved Water Rights 138 National Parks, Forests, Monuments, and Military Installations 139 Native American Water Rights 140 Recent Issues 142 State Surface Water Law 142 General Stream Adjudication 142 Reallocation of Water Supplies 142 Water Banking 143 Water Rights in Groundwater and Off-Reservation Water Marketing 144 Study Questions 144 Notes 145 Contents ix 6 Federal Agencies, Legislation, and Intergovernmental Cooperation 147 Introduction 147 Key Terms 147 Organizational Structure 149 Federal Legislation 151 Water Resources Development Legislation 151 Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 151 Reclamation Act of 1902 151 Federal Water Power Act of 1920 152 National Flood Insurance Program 153 Water Resources Development Acts 153 Environmental Legislation 155 Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948 156 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 156 Clean Water Act of 1977 156 CWA Section 404: Dredge and Fill Permits 157 CWA Section 401: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 157 Water Quality Act of 1987 158 Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 159 National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 161 Endangered Species Act of 1973 161 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 162 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 163 Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 163 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1972 164 Intergovernmental Activities 164 Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin 164 Chesapeake Bay 166 Study Questions 168 Notes 169 7 State and Intergovernmental Agencies and Programs 172 Introduction 172 Local Agencies 173 State Agencies 173 California 174 Colorado 175 Texas 177
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