Water Quality Concepts, Sampling, and Analyses PDF
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Water Quality Concepts, Sampling, and Analyses © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Water Quality Concepts, Sampling, and Analyses Edited by Yuncong Li Kati Migliaccio and Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4200-9266-0 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Water quality concepts, sampling, and analyses / editors: Yuncong Li and Kati Migliaccio. -- 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4200-9266-0 (alk. paper) 1. Water quality--Measurement. I. Li, Yuncong. II. Migliaccio, Kati W. TD367.W3765 2010 628.1’61--dc22 2010017447 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Contents Preface......................................................................................................................vii Contributors ..............................................................................................................ix Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1 Yuncong Li and Kati W. Migliaccio Chapter 2 Water Quality Regulations and Policy Development .........................11 Kati W. Migliaccio and Mary Jane Angelo Chapter 3 Water Quality Standards: Designated Uses and Numeric Criteria Development .........................................................................21 Brian E. Haggard and J. Thad Scott Chapter 4 Project Planning and Quality System Implementation for Water Quality Sampling Programs ...............................................................41 Delia Ivanoff Chapter 5 Surface Water Quality Sampling in Streams and Canals ..................51 Kati W. Migliaccio, Daren Harmel, and Peter C. Smiley, Jr. Chapter 6 Groundwater Sampling ......................................................................73 Qingren Wang, Rafael Muñoz-Carpena, Adam Foster, and Kati W. Migliaccio Chapter 7 Sampling Pore Water from Soil and Sediment ..................................93 Yuncong Li, Kati W. Migliaccio, Meifang Zhou, and Nicholas Kiggundu Chapter 8 Field Measurements..........................................................................113 David Struve and Meifang Zhou Chapter 9 Laboratory Qualifications for Water Quality Monitoring ................137 Yuncong Li, Meifang Zhou, and Jianqiang Zhao v © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC vi Contents Chapter 10 Laboratory Analyses ........................................................................157 Yuncong Li, Renuka R. Mathur, and Lena Q. Ma Chapter 11 Sampling and Analysis of Emerging Pollutants ...............................199 David A. Alvarez and Tammy L. Jones-Lepp Chapter 12 Uncertainty in Measured Water Quality Data .................................227 Daren Harmel, Patricia Smith, and Kati W. Migliaccio Chapter 13 Water Quality Statistical Analysis ...................................................241 Kati W. Migliaccio, Joffre Castro, and Brian E. Haggard Chapter 14 Examples of Water Quality Monitoring ...........................................275 Qingren Wang and Yuncong Li Chapter 15 Training Video for Water Quality Sampling and Analysis ..............313 Pamela J. Fletcher and Sapna Mulki Index ......................................................................................................................325 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Preface The intent of this book, Water Quality Concepts, Sampling, and Analyses, is to provide practical information for those who are planning, conducting, or evaluating water quality monitoring programs. During our professional activities in this field, we have noticed that many do not have the training or tools to successfully sample water quality, and we are often contacted regarding basic water sampling, laboratory, and data analysis questions. This book is meant to provide applied information that can be used to improve water quality monitoring programs leading to better manage- ment of our water resources. The book provides a wide range of water quality topics, from water quality regu- lations and criteria (Chapters 2 and 3) to project planning (Chapter 4) and sampling activities (Chapters 5 to 7). Water quality analyses are also detailed including field measurement techniques (Chapter 8) and laboratory techniques (Chapters 9 and 10). More contemporary issues in water quality analysis, such as emerging pollut- ants (Chapter 11) and uncertainty in measured data (Chapter 12) are also presented. Unlike many other water quality books, our book includes statistical analysis of data (Chapter 13), examples of water quality monitoring programs (Chapter 14), and dis- cussions of a video of sampling activities (Chapter 15) are also provided to comple- ment the material presented in earlier chapters. As water quality becomes a leading concern for people and ecosystems world- wide, it is critical to properly assess water quality in order to protect water resources for current and future generations. Water quality assessment depends on effective sampling and analytical procedures, as well as appropriate data analysis and presen- tation. All components of this process should be conducted with the highest of qual- ity and reproducibility. While this book does not contain every detail, it does provide the framework and information needed to further explore different components in the water quality assessment process. We would like to sincerely acknowledge all chapter authors and those that con- tributed to this book in many different ways. In particular, we would like to thank Sam Allen and Malcolm Sumner for reviewing most of the chapters; Waldy Klassen, Guodong Liu, Guanliang Liu, and Yin Chen for reviewing one or more chapters; Xiaohui Fan, Yanli Nie, and Huiqin Ren for formatting chapters and checking refer- ences; and Randy Brehm, Pat Roberson, and Gail Renard from Taylor & Francis, for their support and friendship. We would also specifically like to thank contributors for Chapter 15’s video who were photographer Ian Maguire and DVD editor Shaun Wright, as well as the organizers of the water quality workshop (Ed Hanlon, Pamela Fletcher, Teresa Olczyk, and Qingren Wang), presenters at the workshop (Nick Aumen, Joffre Castro, Ramon Garza, Jim Hendee, Ed Hanlon, Robert Johnson, Lee Massey, Miguel McKinney, Teresa Olczyk, Larry Parson, John Proni, Forrest Shaw, Dave Struve, Van Waddill, Qingren Wang, Dave Wanless, and Rod Zika), instruc- tors for laboratory analyses during the workshop (Rick Armstrong, Tina Dispenza, vii © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC viii Preface Ed Hanlon, Guodong Liu, Kelly Morgan, Yun Qian, Janzhong Qiao, Laura Rosado, Grurpal Toor, and Guiqin Yu), and all workshop participants. We especially thank our spouses and children for their understanding and patience. Yuncong Li Kati W. Migliaccio © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Contributors David A. Alvarez Tammy L. Jones-Lepp Columbia Environmental Research Environmental Sciences Division Center National Exposure Research Laboratory U.S. Geological Survey Office of Research and Development Columbia, Missouri U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Las Vegas, Nevada Mary Jane Angelo Levin College of Law Nicholas Kiggundu University of Florida Department of Agricultural and Gainesville, Florida Biological Engineering Joffre Castro Tropical Research and Education Center Everglades National Park, South Florida University of Florida Ecosystem Office Homestead, Florida Homestead, Florida Yuncong Li Pamela J. Fletcher Department of Soil and Water Sciences Florida Sea Grant, National Oceanic Tropical Research and Education and Atmospheric Administration Center, IFAS Miami, Florida University of Florida Homestead, Florida Adam Foster U.S. Geological Survey Lena Q. Ma Fort Lauderdale, Florida Department of Soil and Water Science, Brian E. Haggard IFAS Agricultural and Biological Engineering University of Florida University of Arkansas Gainesville, Florida Fayetteville, Arkansas Renuka R. Mathur Daren Harmel Cornell Nutrient Analysis Laboratory U.S. Department of Agriculture Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Agricultural Research Service Cornell University Grassland Soil and Water Research Ithaca, New York Laboratory Temple, Texas Kati W. Migliaccio Delia Ivanoff Department of Agricultural and Vegetation and Land Management Biological Engineering Department Tropical Research and Education South Florida Water Management Center, IFAS District, MS 5233 University of Florida West Palm Beach, Florida Homestead, Florida ix © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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