Waste Water - Treatment and Reutilization

446 Pages·2011·23.963 MB·English

by  F. Einschlag

WASTE WATER (cid:883)
TREATMENT AND
REUTILIZATION
Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag
Waste Water - Treatment and Reutilization
Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2011 InTech
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Publishing Process Manager Katarina Lovrecic
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer Martina Sirotic
Image Copyright Jonutis, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com
First published March, 2011
Printed in India
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]
Waste Water - Treatment and Reutilization, Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag
p. cm.
ISBN 978-978-953-307-249-4
free online editions of InTech
Books and Journals can be found at
www.intechopen.com

Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Bioremediation of Waste Water 1
Chapter 1 Anaerobic Treatment of Industrial Effluents:
An Overview of Applications 3
Mustafa Evren Ersahin, Hale Ozgun,
Recep Kaan Dereli and Izzet Ozturk
Chapter 2 Removal of Endocrine Disruptors
in Waste Waters by Means of Bioreactors 29
Nadia Diano and Damiano Gustavo Mita
Chapter 3 Evaluation of Anaerobic Treatability
of Between Cotton and Polyester
Textile Industry Wastewater 49
Zehra Sapci-Zengin and F. Ilter Turkdogan
Chapter 4 Fungal Decolourization and Degradation
of Synthetic Dyes Some Chemical Engineering Aspects 65
Aleksander Pavko
Chapter 5 Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation in Waste Water
-An Isotope Hydrological Perspective 89
Yangping Xing and Ian D. Clark
Chapter 6 Measurement Techniques
for Wastewater Filtration Systems 109
Robert H. Morris and Paul Knowles
Chapter 7 Excess Sludge Reduction
in Waste Water Treatment Plants 133
Mahmudul Kabir, Masafumi Suzuki and Noboru Yoshimura
Chapter 8 Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment 151
Liliana Alzate-Gaviria
VI Contents
Chapter 9 Perchlorate: Status and Overview
of New Remedial Technologies 171
Katarzyna H. Kucharzyk, Terence Soule,
Andrzej, J.Paszczynski and Thomas F. Hess
Chapter 10 Application of Luffa Cylindrica in Natural form
as Biosorbent to Removal of Divalent Metals from
Aqueous Solutions - Kinetic and Equilibrium Study 195
Innocent O. Oboh, Emmanuel O. Aluyor and Thomas O. K. Audu
Part 2 Physicochemical Methods for Waste Water Treatment 213
Chapter 11 Degradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds
by Homogeneous AOPs 215
Fernando S. García Einschlag, Luciano Carlos and Daniela Nichela
Chapter 12 Ferrate(VI) in the Treatment of Wastewaters:
A New Generation Green Chemical 241
Diwakar Tiwari and Seung-Mok Lee
Chapter 13 Purification of Waste Water Using Alumina
as Catalysts Support and as an Adsorbent 277
Akane Miyazaki and Ioan Balint
Chapter 14 Absolute Solution for Waste Water:
Dynamic Nano Channels Processes 299
Rémi Ernest Lebrun
Chapter 15 Immobilization of Heavy Metal Ions
on Coals and Carbons 321
Boleslav Taraba and Roman Maršálek
Part 3 Waste Water Reuse and Minimization 339
Chapter 16 Low-Value Maize and Wheat By-Products
as a Source of Ferulated Arabinoxylans 341
Claudia Berlanga-Reyes, Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan,
Guillermo Niño-Medina, Agustín Rascón-Chu,
Benjamín Ramírez-Wong and Elisa Magaña-Barajas
Chapter 17 Possible Uses of Wastewater Sludge
to Remediate Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil 353
Luc Dendooven
Chapter 18 Waste-Water Use in Energy Crops Production 361
Cecilia Rebora, Horacio Lelio,
Luciana Gómez and Leandra Ibarguren
Contents VII
Chapter 19 Using Wastewater as a Source of N in Agriculture:
Emissions of Gases and Reuse of Sludge on Soil Fertility 375
Mora Ravelo Sandra Grisell and Gavi Reyes Francisco
Chapter 20 Biotechnology in Textiles
– an Opportunity of Saving Water 387
Petra Forte Tavčer
Chapter 21 Wastewater Minimization in a Chlor-Alkali Complex 405
Zuwei Liao, Jingdai Wang and Yongrong Yang
Chapter 22 Using Seawater to Remove SO in a FGD System 427
2
Jia-Twu Lee and Ming-Chu Chen

Preface
The steady increase in industrialization, urbanization and enormous population
growth are leading to production of huge quantities of wastewaters that may frequent-
ly cause environmental hazards. Raw or treated waste water is very oft en discharged
to freshwaters and results in changing ecological performance and biological diversity
of these systems. About 70% of water supplied ends up as wastewater and several natu-
ral water reservoirs are being contaminated by untreated sewage/industrial effl uents.
This makes waste water treatment and waste water reduction very important issues.
The problem of water pollution is very complex. The major sources of wastewater can
be classifi ed as municipal, industrial and agricultural. Therefore, effl uents may have
high contents of harmful organic compounds, heavy metals and biohazards that may
have serious health implications. Thus, according to the nature of the waste water,
diff erent treatment strategies should be used. Available techniques are used to reduce
the amount of effl uents as well as the impact on the environment, but threats on the
ecosystem continue and fresh water resources are limited. Although wastewater treat-
ments have reduced contamination and improved the quality of rivers, the generated
waste product or sludge remains diffi cult to eliminate and poses serious safety and
quality aspects of environmental concern.
The reuse of municipal wastewater for land irrigation constitutes a practical method of
disposal which is expected to decisively contribute to the handling and minimization
of environmental problems arising from the disposal of wastewater effl uents on land
and into aquatic systems. Water reuse is of vital importance, mostly in water scarce re-
gions, hence, marginal-quality water will become and increasingly important compo-
nent of agricultural water supplies. In addition, many waste waters contain relatively
high concentrations substances with commercially important applications, thus, such
waste waters may be used as potential sources of added-value molecules.
The book off ers an interdisciplinary collection of studies and fi ndings concerning
waste water treatment, minimization and reuse. An att empt has been made through
this book to provide a gist of current, relevant and comprehensive information on
various aspects of waste water treatment technologies and waste water reutilization
strategies. The book chapters were invited by the publisher and the authors are re-
sponsible for their statements. The accuracy of each chapter was checked by the au-
thors through proof reading stages. Most of the chapters are based upon the ongoing
research in the fi eld. The book, which covers a wide spectrum of topics about waste
water treatment technologies and waste water minimization strategies, is grouped in
X Preface
three diff erent sections. The fi rst section are related to bioremediation methods for
waste water, the second section is focused on physicochemical methods for waste wa-
ter treatment and the last section covers diff erent issues concerning waste water reuse
and minimization.
We hope that this book will be helpful for graduate students, environmental profes-
sionals and researchers. I especially appreciate the support and encouragement from
Prof. Katarina Lovrecic throughout the whole publishing process and I would also like
to thank the authors for their contributions to the book.
Fernando García Einschlag
La Plata University
Argentina