Wasim Ahmad- Thesis- the Final

111 Pages·2015·2.88 MB·English

Faculty of Graduate Studies

The Pollution Effects of the Wastewater Flow on the Water
Quality in Wadi Sarida Catchment / West Bank

ةيبرغلا ةفضلا / اديرس يداو ضوح يف هايملا ةيعون ىلع يحصلا فرصلا هايمب ثولتلا راثآ

Submitted by:
Waseem Ahmad

Supervisor:
Dr. Marwan Ghanem

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Master’s
Degree in Water and Environmental Science from the Faculty of Graduate Studies
at Birzeit University

May 2015
I
Dedication

To her kindliness, to my mother “Amal”

To the generations raiser, to my father “Fathi”

To my brothers and sisters who supported me during the study
“Haneen, Yasmeen, Salam and Saher”

To my friends and all those who stand on my side

To every detail related to Aleppo with my wishes for a better future

I Dedicate My Work

II
Acknowledgment

I would like to express my special thanks to my supervisor Dr. Marwan Ghanem who had
the primary role in opening my scientific path and inspired me throughout the thesis period,
which in turn was not to be completed without his guidance and supervision.
My sincere gratitude goes to the manager who encouraged me, helped me in studding the
master’s program and was as affectionate father, Mr. Ihsan Rukab.
And my gratitude to the Institute of Water and Environment Studies with its professors and
their recommendations.
I send my special thanks for Eng. Nadia Affouneh and Eng. Mervat Almohammad who had
a role in conducting this research.
I appreciate the support of the friends who accompanied and helped me in field work, and
the support of everyone provided me a required data.

III
Table of Contents
Examination Committee.……………………….………..…...…..…….…………. I
Dedication……………………………….……………………….....….…………..II
Acknowledgment…………………………………….…………….….……..……III
Table of Contents………………………………..…………..……...….….………IV
List of Figures….………………………….…………………..…….…………….VI
List of Tables………………………………...……………………..……………VIII
List of Appendices………………………………………………………..……….IX
Acronyms and Abbreviations…………………..…………………….……………X
Abstract………………………………………..…………………….……………XII
صخلملا………………………………………..………………...…….………...…XIV

1 Chapter One : Introduction ...................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Statement........................................................................................................... 2
1.3 The Objectives and Aims ................................................................................................ 4
1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Thesis Structure ............................................................................................................... 7

2 Chapter Two : Study Area ........................................................................................ 9
2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Sarida Wadi and the measured springs ............................................................................ 9
2.3 Salfit Governorate ......................................................................................................... 11
2.3.1 Geographical Location ........................................................................................................11
2.3.2 Climate ................................................................................................................................12
2.3.3 Temperature ........................................................................................................................12
2.3.4 Relative Humidity (RH) and Rainfall ..................................................................................12
2.3.5 Water Sources in Salfit ........................................................................................................12
2.3.6 Area and Population ............................................................................................................12
2.3.7 Economic Characteristics ....................................................................................................13
2.4 Kafr Al-Dik ................................................................................................................... 14
IV
2.4.1 Economic Situation of Kafr Al-Dik ....................................................................................15
2.4.2 Infrastructure .......................................................................................................................15
2.4.3 Nearby Israeli Colonies of Kafr Al-Dik ..............................................................................15
2.5 Bruqin ............................................................................................................................ 16
2.5.1 Economic Situation of Bruqin .............................................................................................16
2.5.2 Infrastructure of Bruqin .......................................................................................................16
2.6 Problems Facing Kafr Al-Dik and Bruqin Residents .................................................... 17
2.7 Existing Israeli Colonies on the Territory of Salfit Governorate .................................. 17
2.8 The Israeli Colonies Effects on Palestinians Walks of Life in Salfit Governorate ........ 19
3 Chapter Three : Literature Review ....................................................................... 23
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 23
3.2 Urban Wastewater System ............................................................................................ 23
3.3 Previous Studies ............................................................................................................ 25
3.3.1 Global Studies .....................................................................................................................25
3.3.2 Regional Studies ..................................................................................................................30
3.3.3 Local Studies .......................................................................................................................34

4 Chapter Four : Hydrochemistry ............................................................................ 41
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 41
4.2 Qualitative Comparison between the Both Wastewater Sources .................................. 41
4.3 Variation of Parameters along Sarida Wadi .................................................................. 42
4.3.1 Organic Parameters .............................................................................................................43
4.3.2 Physical Parameters .............................................................................................................46
4.3.3 Chemical Parameters ...........................................................................................................48
4.4 Springs of Sarida Catchment ......................................................................................... 51
4.4.1 Interpretation of the Analyzed Parameters ..........................................................................51
4.4.2 Water Origin and Classification ..........................................................................................62
4.4.3 Spring Water Quality for Different Purposes ......................................................................64

5 Chapter Five : Wastewater Effects on Socio-Economic Aspects ........................ 69
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 69
5.2 Questionnaire Main Components .................................................................................. 69
V
5.3 Results and Discussion .................................................................................................. 69
5.3.1 The Demographic Section ...................................................................................................69
5.3.2 Healthy Section ...................................................................................................................72
5.3.3 Socio-Economic Section .....................................................................................................73
5.3.4 The Environmental Section .................................................................................................77

6 Chapter Six : Conclusion and Recommendations ................................................ 78
6.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 78
6.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 80

7 Sources and Bibliography ....................................................................................... 82
8 Appendices ............................................................................................................... 88

List of Figures
Figure 1.1 : Wastewater sampling from the Wadi ............................................................. 6
Figure 1.2 : Locations of the samples, stations and the communities along Sarida Wadi . 6
Figure 2.1 : The Location of Sarida Wadi ....................................................................... 10
Figure 2.2 : Salfit Governorate Location ......................................................................... 11
Figure 2.3 : The Evolution of Population Number of Salfit Governorate ( 2007-2014) . 13
Figure 2.4 : Kafr Al-Dik and Bruqin Villages Location .................................................. 14
Figure 4.1 : The Difference between the Wastewater Quality of the Two Sources, Salfit
and Ara’el for some Average Values for Both Rounds ............................... 42
Figure 4.2 : The BOD5 Variance Trend of wastewater along Sarida Wadi .................... 44
Figure 4.3 : The COD Variance Trend along SWW in Both Round ............................... 44
Figure 4.4 : The pH Variance of Wastewater Along Sarida Wadi wastewater ............... 46
Figure 4.5 : EC Trend for Wastewater along Sardia wastewater Wadi for the Two Rounds
................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 4.6 : The Wastewater Trend for TDS along Sarida Wadi .................................... 48
Figure 4.7 : The Variance Trend of the TSS along Sarida Wadi ..................................... 49
Figure 4.8 : The Variance Trend of PO of Spring’s Water of Sarida Catchment in both
4
rounds ........................................................................................................... 50
VI
Figure 4.9 : The Major Cations Concentrations of Spring’s Water of Sarida Catchment in
the Wet Round (May) .................................................................................. 52
Figure 4.10 : The Major Cations Concentrations of Spring’s Water of Sarida Catchment
in the dry round (November) .................................................................... 544
Figure 4.11 : The Major Anions Concentrations of Spring’s Water of Sarida Catchment in
the Wet Round (May) ............................................................................... 55
Figure 4.12 : The Major Anions Concentrations of Spring’s Water of Sarida Catchment in
the dry round (November) ........................................................................ 56
Figure 4.13 : Variations of Total Coliforms Content for springs of Sarida Catchment
between May and November Rounds ....................................................... 57
Figure 4.14 : The Fecal Coliforms Content in Some Springs of Sarida Catchment in
November - 2013 and December - 2003 and the Quality Difference During
Ten Years .................................................................................................. 58
Figure 4.15 : The Total Coliforms Content in Some Springs of Sarida Catchment in
November - 2013 and December - 2003 and the Quality Difference During
Ten Years .................................................................................................. 59
Figure 4.16 : Trace Elements (V, Co, As, Se, Ni, Cu and Pb) Concentrations in Springs
water of Sarida Catchment ........................................................................ 61
Figure 4.17 : Trace Elements (Fe, B, Zn, Al, Mn, Cr, and Ba) Concentrations in Springs
of Sarida Catchment .................................................................................. 62
Figure 4.18 : Piper Trilinear Plot for Springs of Sarida catchment for May and November
Rounds Combined ..................................................................................... 63
Figure 4.19 : The Durov Diagram for Measured Spring's Water Samples of Sarida
Catchment in May and November Rounds Combined ............................ 64
Figure 4.20 : Wilcox diagram showing the correlation between SAR and Conductivity For
the measured springs in Sarida catchment in May and November round. 66
Figure 5.1: Distribution of Age Categories ..................................................................... 70
Figure 5.2 : Gender Distribution of the Respondents ..................................................... 70
Figure 5.3 : Academic achievements of the respondents ................................................ 71
Figure 5.4 : Occupation of the Respondents ................................................................... 72
Figure 5.5 : Public Health Impact of Sarida Wadi Flow and Infections Proportions of Raw
Wastewater Flow ......................................................................................... 72
VII
Figure 5.6 : Represents the Proportions of the Cultivated Land Areas and the Land
Ownership Adjacent to Wadi Sarida............................................................ 73
Figure 5.7 : Impact of Sarida Wadi Flow on Land Producion and Activities .................. 74
Figure 5.8 : Impact of Sarida Wadi Flow on Residency Quality ..................................... 75
Figure 5.9 : Impact of Sarida Wadi Flow on Place of Residence .................................... 75
Figure 5.10 : Use of Springs in the Study Area ............................................................... 76
Figure 5.11 : Purpose of Springs Water Use .................................................................... 76

List of Tables
Table 2.1 : Existing Israeli Colonies on the Territory of Salfit Governorate .................. 18
Table 2.2 : Kinds of Israeli Heavy Industry and its Wastes Discharged to Sarida Wadi and
its Healthy Effects. ........................................................................................ 22
Table 4.1 : Fecal Coliforms in (cfu/100ml) in Springs of Sarida Catchment at May and
November Rounds ......................................................................................... 57
Table 4.2 : Comparison between the Observed Values of Trace Elements with WHO 2007
Guidelines at the Dry Season (November) .................................................. 60
Table 4.3 : Classification of Todd (2007) for the Tolerance of Different Types of Crops
by Using Conductivity Values ................................................................... 65
Table 4.4 : The average concentrations of Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2 and SAR values for the
projected springs .......................................................................................... 687
Table 4.5 : Classification of water for irrigation Suitability based on SAR .................. 68
Table 5.1 : Geographical Distribution of Respondents .................................................. 69
Table 5.2 : Occupation of the Respondents.................................................................... 71
Table 5.3 : Gender Perceptions on Negative Impact of Wastewater Flow .................... 73
Table 5.4 : Extent of Impact of Sarida Wasdi Flow on Agricultural and Livesock Activities
.................................................................................................................... 74
Table 5.5 : Impact of Sarida Wadi Flow on Aesthetic Condition .................................. 77
VIII
Table 5.6 : Impact of Sarida Wadi Flow on Wildlife and Biodiversity ......................... 77

List of Appendices
Appendix 1 : Physical Parameters of Some Sarida Springs in the Wet Round (May) ........ 88
Appendix 2 : Physical Parameters of Some Sarida Springs in the Dry Round (November)88
Appendix 3 : Chemical Parameters (Major Cations and Major Anions (mg/l)) of Some Sarida
Springs in the Wet Round (May) ............................................................... 88
Appendix 4 : Chemical Parameters (Major Cations and Major Anions (mg/l)) of Some Sarida
Springs in the Dry Round (November) ...................................................... 89
Appendix 5 : The Geographical Coordinates (meters) of the measured springs ................. 89
Appendix 6 : The Microbial Content in Some Springs of Sarida Catchment (cfu/100ml) in
the Wet Round (May) .................................................................................. 89
Appendix 7 : The Microbial Content in Some Springs of Sarida Catchment (cfu/100ml) in
the Dry Round (November) ......................................................................... 90
Appendix 8 : Different Parameters of Sarida Wastewater along the Wadi in the Wet Round
(May) ..................................................................................................................................... 90
Appendix 9 : Different Parameters of Sarida Wastewater along the Wadi in the Dry Round
(November) .................................................................................................. 90
Appendix 10 : Trace Elements Concentrations (ppb) in Springs of Sarida Catchment in
November (Part 1) ...................................................................................... 91
Appendix 11 : Trace Elements Concentrations (ppb) in Springs of Sarida Catchment in
November (Part 2) ...................................................................................... 91
Appendix 12 : Microbial Data About Some Sarida Springs Catchment in the Wet Season of
2003 Conducted by PWA ............................................................................ 91
Appendix 13 : Results of Microbial Test (Total Count) for Al-Matwi Spring Water before
and after Chlorination…………………………………………...…………92
Appendix 14 : Copy of the Distributed Questionnaires on Bruqin and Kafr Al-Dik Citizens
in Arabic Language. ................................................................................. 923

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