Wallace Stevens and the Apocalyptic Mode Wallace Stevens and the Apocalyptic Mode University of Iowa Press University of Iowa Press, Iowa City Copyright ©by the University of Iowa Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America http://www.uiowa.edu/uiowapress No part of this book may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. All reasonable steps have been taken to contact copyright holders of material used in this book. The publisher would be pleased to make suitable arrangements with any whom it has not been possible to reach. The University of Iowa Press is a member of Green Press Initiative and is committed to preserving natural resources. Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Woodland, Malcolm, –. Wallace Stevens and the apocalyptic mode / by Malcolm Woodland. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. --- (cloth) . Stevens, Wallace, –—Criticism and interpretation. . Literature and history—United States—History—th century. . Stevens, Wallace, –— Knowledge—History. . Apocalyptic literature—History and criticism. . End of the world in literature. . War in literature. I. Title. . '.—dc C For my mother, and in memory of my father Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi Abbreviations xix . Past Apocalypse: Stevens, History, Theory .An Ever-Enlarging Incoherence: War, Modernisms, and Masculinities . What Could Not Be Shaken: Meditation in a Time of War . The Refuge That the End Creates: Pastoral and Apocalyptic Modes in “Credences of Summer” . Mournful Making: Apocalypse and Elegy in “The Auroras of Autumn” . Past Apocalypse, Past Stevens: Jorie Graham’s The Errancy Afterword: Ending with Strand and Ashbery Notes Bibliography Index Acknowledgments Thanks are due to Eleanor Cook, whose support and encourage- ment from the early stages of this project have been invaluable. I owe a similar debt of gratitude to John Reibetanz and Linda Munk. I would also like to thank Professors Linda Hutcheon and Marlene Goldman, both of the University of Toronto, who both have read portions of the manuscript. Research assistants Rob Mancini and Zachariah Pickard have helped immensely in casting their cold eyes on a manuscript that has at times been much in need of proof- reading. Financial assistance from the University ofToronto and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada has facilitated much of the work on this project. Finally, I would like to thank Prasenjit Gupta, Holly Carver, John Mulvihill, and all others involved at the University of Iowa Press for their support of and work on this project. Excerpts from The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens by Wallace Stevens. Copyright © by Wallace Stevens and renewed by Holly Stevens. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, a divi- sion of Random House, Inc., and Faber and Faber Ltd. Excerpts from Letters of Wallace Stevens by Wallace Stevens. Copy- right © by Holly Stevens. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., and Faber and Faber Ltd. , Excerpts from Selected Poems by Mark Strand. Copyright © by Mark Strand. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc. , , Excerpts from A Wave by John Ashbery. Copyright © , by John Ashbery. Reprinted by permission of Georges Borchardt, Inc., for the author, by the Noonday Press, a division of Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, and Carcanet Press Ltd. Excerpts from The End of Beauty by Jorie Graham. Copyright © by Jorie Graham. Reprinted by permission of the Ecco Press.
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