W-CDMA and cdma2000 for 3G Mobile Networks

401 Pages·2002·1.797 MB·English

by  M.R. Karim, Mohsen Sarraf

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Team-Fly®
W-CDMA
and
cdma2000 for
3G Mobile
Networks
M.R. Karim
and
M. Sarraf
McGraw-Hill
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DOI: 10.1036/0071409564
iii
To our families
Rahima, Razi, and Nayeem
—MRK
Maryam, Artin, and Shawhin
—MS
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
M.R.Karim,formerly a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff of Bell
Laboratories,was a member of the original team that developed the world’s
first cellular system.He has published in the areas of mobile communica-
tions and packet switching,and is author of the book ATM Technology and
Services Delivery(Prentice Hall,1999).
Mohsen Sarraf received his Ph.D.degree in 1986 from the University of
Southern California. He joined Bell Laboratories in 1987 where he has
been involved in various aspects of communications systems. He has
worked on wireless systems from design and implementation to project
leadership during the last ten years. Currently he is the Director of
Advanced Multimedia Communications Department of Bell Labs.
Copyright 2002 M.R. Karim and Lucent Technologies. Click Here for Terms of Use.
For more information about this book, click here.
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Foreword xv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Early Systems 2
The Cellular System 4
TDMA System 9
IS-54 and IS-136 9
GSM 11
cdmaOne (Based on IS-95-A and IS-95-B) 13
Personal Communications System 15
Third-Generation (3G) Wireless Technology 16
3G Requirements 18
Evolution to 3G Systems 21
Summary 23
References 25
Chapter 2 Propagation Characteristics of a Mobile Radio Channel 27
Large-Scale Variations 29
Signal Variations in Free Space 29
Variations in Urban Areas Due to Terrain and Clutter 31
Signal Variations in Suburban and Rural Areas 35
Variation of the Local Mean Signal Level 36
Propagation Model 39
Short-term Variations of the Signal 41
Effect of Short-term Variations 45
Coherence Bandwidth and Power Delay Profiles 46
Simulation Model of a Mobile Radio Channel 49
Summary 52
References 52
Chapter 3 Principles of Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) 55
Multiple Access Schemes 56
FDMA 57
TDMA 58
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access 59
Copyright 2002 M.R. Karim and Lucent Technologies. Click Here for Terms of Use.
vi Contents
CDMA Technology 60
Direct-Spread CDMA Principles 60
Capacity of a CDMA System 63
3G Radio Transmitter Functions 67
Speech Encoding 69
Channel Coding 71
Convolutional Encoder 71
Decoding Convolutional Codes 76
Punctured Codes 76
Channel Encoders for UMTS 76
Interleavers 78
Modulation 79
Demodulation of a Phase Modulated Signal 80
Spreading 82
Walsh Codes 82
Scrambling Codes 83
Receiver 90
Receiver Structure 90
Hard and Soft Decision 91
Viterbi Decoding 93
Multipath Diversity in CDMA 94
Rake Receiver 95
Multiuser Detection 98
Smart Antennas 101
Summary 106
Appendix A—Viterbi Decoding
of Convolutional Codes 107
Appendix B—Modulation 110
QPSK 110
Offset QPSK (OQPSK) 111
Differential QPSK (DQPSK) 111
Appendix C—Multiuser Detection Using Viterbi Algorithm 113
References 116
Chapter 4 cdmaOne and cdma2000 121
cdmaOne 122
Spectrum Allocation 122
Physical Channels 123
Reverse Channel Transmit Functions 124
Forward Channel Functions 127
Contents vii
Power Control 130
Handoff in IS-95 133
cdma2000 137
System Features 137
The Protocol Stack 140
Physical Channels 143
Forward Channel Transmit Functions 146
Reverse Channel Transmit Functions 147
Summary 149
References 151
Chapter 5 The GSM System and General Packet Radio
Service (GPRS) 153
GSM System Features 155
System Architecture 157
Speech Encoder 162
Channel Encoder 163
Interleaving 165
Modulation Technique—GMSK 166
Logical Channels 169
GSM Frame and Slot Structure 171
Data Services in GSM 173
General Capabilities and Features of GPRS 174
GPRS Network Architecture 175
GPRS Protocol Stacks 177
Packet Structures 180
Logical Channels 181
Packet Transmission Protocol 182
Summary 186
References 187
Chapter 6 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) 189
System Features 190
Wireless Network Architecture 193
Radio Interface Protocol Stack—An Overview 195
Physical Layer 198
Overview of Physical Layer Functions 199
Transport Channels 203
Physical Channels 206
Packet Mode Data 214
Mapping of Transport Channels to Physical Channels 215
viii Contents
Physical Layer Procedures 215
Spreading and Modulation 223
Physical Layer Measurements 230
MAC Layer Protocol 232
Overview 232
MAC Procedures 234
MAC Layer Data Formats 236
Radio Link Control Protocol 237
RLC Functions 237
RLC Protocol Description 240
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 245
Overview 245
Header Compression 246
Broadcast/Multicast (BMC) Protocol 246
Radio Resource Control Protocol 247
RRC Functions 247
Management of RRC Connections 249
Handover 250
Summary 254
References 256
General Systems Descriptions 256
Overview of the UE-UTRAN Protocols 256
Physical Layer 257
Layer 2 and Layer 3 Protocols 257
Protocols at Different Interface Points 257
Miscellaneous Specifications of Interest 258
Other References 259
Web Sites 259
Chapter 7 Evolution of Mobile Communication Networks 261
Review of 3G Requirements [1]-[4] 262
Network Evolution 264
First-Generation Network 264
Second-Generation Networks 266
2G(cid:2)Networks 268
3G Network 270
All-IP Network 271
Summary 273
References 274
Contents ix
Chapter 8 Call Controls and Mobility Management 277
Protocol Stacks in Access and Core Networks 279
GSM 279
UMTS 282
Call Controls 291
Summary 295
References 296
Chapter 9 Quality of Service (QoS) in 3G Systems 297
Introduction 298
Overview of the Concepts 300
Classification of Traffic 301
UMTS Service Attributes 304
Requesting QoS—RSVP Protocol 309
Admission Control 315
Admission Control Strategies 315
Resource Allocation 317
Policing 318
Providing Requested QoS 320
Differentiated Services (DiffServ) 323
RSVP for Mobile Systems 325
Summary 329
References 329
Chapter 10 Network Planning and Design 331
Network Design 334
Spectrum Requirements 334
Link Budget Calculation 337
Frequency Planning 343
Analog and TDMA Systems 343
CDMA System 347
Cellular System Growth 347
Cell Splitting 348
Overlay Design 348
Summary 351
Appendix A—Traffic Capacity of a Network 351
References 352