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VISCOELASTICITY – FROM THEORY TO BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS Edited by Juan de Vicente Viscoelasticity – From Theory to Biological Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3188 Edited by Juan de Vicente Contributors L. A. Dávalos-Orozco, Takahiro Tsukahara, Yasuo Kawaguchi, B.N. Narahari Achar, John W. Hanneken, Kejian Wang, Naoki Sasaki, Supriya Bhat, Dong Jun, Biplab C. Paul, Tanya E. S Dahms, Tetsuya Nemoto, Ryo Kubota, Yusuke Murasawa, Zenzo Isogai, Jun Xi, Lynn S. Penn, Ning Xi, Jennifer Y. Chen, Ruiguo Yang, Tomoki Kitawaki, Ioanna G. Mandala, Luis Carlos Platt-Lucero, Benjamín Ramírez-Wong, Patricia Isabel Torres-Chávez, Ignacio Morales-Rosas, Elisa Magaña-Barajas, Benjamín Ramírez-Wong, Patricia I. Torres-Chávez, I. Morales-Rosas, Youhong Tang, Ping Gao, Takaya Kobayashi, Masami Sato, Yasuko Mihara, B.S. K. K. Ibrahim, M.S. Huq, M.O. Tokhi, S.C. Gharooni, Hayssam El Ghoche Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marina Jozipovic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published November, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Viscoelasticity – From Theory to Biological Applications, Edited by Juan de Vicente p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0841-2 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Theory and Simulations 1 Chapter 1 Viscoelastic Natural Convection 3 L. A. Dávalos-Orozco Chapter 2 Turbulent Flow of Viscoelastic Fluid Through Complicated Geometry 33 Takahiro Tsukahara and Yasuo Kawaguchi Chapter 3 Microscopic Formulation of Fractional Theory of Viscoelasticity 59 B.N. Narahari Achar and John W. Hanneken Chapter 4 Die Swell of Complex Polymeric Systems 77 Kejian Wang Section 2 Biological Materials 97 Chapter 5 Viscoelastic Properties of Biological Materials 99 Naoki Sasaki Chapter 6 Viscoelasticity in Biological Systems: A Special Focus on Microbes 123 Supriya Bhat, Dong Jun, Biplab C. Paul and Tanya E. S Dahms Chapter 7 Viscoelastic Properties of the Human Dermis and Other Connective Tissues and Its Relevance to Tissue Aging and Aging–Related Disease 157 Tetsuya Nemoto, Ryo Kubota, Yusuke Murasawa and Zenzo Isogai Chapter 8 Dynamic Mechanical Response of Epithelial Cells to Epidermal Growth Factor 171 Jun Xi, Lynn S. Penn, Ning Xi, Jennifer Y. Chen and Ruiguo Yang VI Contents Chapter 9 Numerical Simulation Model with Viscoelasticity of Arterial Wall 187 Tomoki Kitawaki Section 3 Food Colloids 215 Chapter 10 Viscoelastic Properties of Starch and Non-Starch Thickeners in Simple Mixtures or Model Food 217 Ioanna G. Mandala Chapter 11 Viscoelastic and Textural Characteristics of Masa and Tortilla from Extruded Corn Flours with Xanthan Gum 237 Luis Carlos Platt-Lucero, Benjamín Ramírez-Wong, Patricia Isabel Torres-Chávez and Ignacio Morales-Rosas Chapter 12 Use of the Stress-Relaxation and Dynamic Tests to Evaluate the Viscoelastic Properties of Dough from Soft Wheat Cultivars 259 Elisa Magaña-Barajas, Benjamín Ramírez-Wong, Patricia I. Torres-Chávez and I. Morales-Rosas Section 4 Other Applications 273 Chapter 13 Micro-Rheological Study on Fully Exfoliated Organoclay Modified Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymer and Its Viscosity Reduction Effect on High Molecular Mass Polyethylene 275 Youhong Tang and Ping Gao Chapter 14 Application of Thermo-Viscoelastic Laminated Plate Theory to Predict Warpage of Printed Circuit Boards 303 Takaya Kobayashi, Masami Sato and Yasuko Mihara Chapter 15 An Approach for Dynamic Characterisation of Passive Viscoelasticity and Estimation of Anthropometric Inertia Parameters of Paraplegic’s Knee Joint 321 B.S. K. K. Ibrahim, M.S. Huq, M.O. Tokhi and S.C. Gharooni Chapter 16 Non Linear Viscoelastic Model Applied on Compressed Plastic Films for Light-Weight Embankment 337 Hayssam El Ghoche Preface The word "viscoelastic" means the simultaneous existence of viscous and elastic responses of a material. Hence, neither Newton's law (for linear viscous fluids) nor Hooke's law (for pure elastic solids) suffice to explain the mechanical behavior of viscoelastic materials. Strictly speaking all materials are viscoelastic and their particular response depends on the Deborah number, that is to say the ratio between the natural time of the material (relaxation time) and the time scale of the experiment (essay time). Thus, for a given material, if the experiment is slow, the material will appear to be viscous, whereas if the experiment is fast it will appear to be elastic. Many materials exhibit a viscolastic behavior at the observation times and the area is relevant in many fields of study from industrial to technological applications such as concrete technology, geology, polymers and composites, plastics processing, paint flow, hemorheology, cosmetics, adhesives, etc. In this book, 16 chapters on various viscoelasticity related aspects are compiled. A number of current research projects are outlined as the book is intended to give the readers a wide picture of current research in viscoelasticity balancing between fundamentals and applied knowledge. For this purpose, the chapters are written by experts from the Industry and Academia. The first part of the book is dedicated to theory and simulation. The first chapter, by Dávalos-Orozco is a review of the theory of linear and nonlinear natural convection of fluid layers between two horizontal walls under an imposed vertical temperature gradient. Chapter 2 by Tsukahara and Kawaguchi deals with the turbulent flow of viscoelastic fluids through complicated geometries such as orifice flows. Next, in chapter 3, Narahari and Hanneken describe a microscopic formulation of fractional theory of viscoelasticity. Finally, in chapter 4, Kejian revisits the die swell problem of viscoelastic polymeric systems. The second part of the book covers important aspects of viscoelasticity in biological systems. The first chapter by Sasaki highlights the importance of viscoelasticity in the mechanical properties of biological materials. Next, Dahms and coworkers summarize the current techniques used to probe viscoelasticity with special emphasis on the application of Atomic Force Microscopy to microbial cell mechanics. In chapters 7 and 8 Zenzo and Xi and coworkers focus on the viscoelastic properties of human dermis X Preface and epithelial cells. Last chapter in this section cover aspects related to the blood flow, where Kitawaki proposes a numerical model for the viscoelasticity of arterial walls. The third part of the book is devoted to the study of the viscoelastic properties of food colloids. Chapter 10 is an attempt to clarify the relationship between the viscoelastic properties of starches, and their mixtures, and texture in real foods. In chapter 11 Ramirez-Wong and coworkers determine the effect of xantham gum on viscoelastic and textural characteristics of masa and tortilla from extruded nixtamalized corn flour. Finally, in chapter 12, stress-relaxation and dynamic tests are performed to evaluate the viscoelastic properties of dough from soft wheat cultivars. The last part of the book deals with other miscellaneous applications. Tang and Gao perform a micro-rheological study of fully exfoliated organoclay modified thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (TLCP). Chapter 14 is an attempt to estimate the thermal deformation in laminated printed circuit boards by the application of a layered plate theory that includes energy transport. In the next chapter, chapter 15, Ibrahim and coworkers describe an approach for the dynamic characterization of passive viscoelasticity of a paraplegic's knee joint. This last section finishes with chapter 16, by Hayssam, and describes a nonlinear viscoelastic model to be applied on compressed plastic films for light-weight embankment. The format of this book is chosen to enable fast dissemination of new research, and to give easy access to readers. The chapters can be read individually. I would like to express my gratitude to all the contributing authors that have made a reality this book. I wish to thank also InTech staff and their team members for the opportunity to publish this work, in particular, Ana Pantar, Dimitri Jelovcan, Romana Vukelic and Marina Jozipovic for their support which has made my job as editor an easy and satisfying one. Finally, I gratefully acknowledge financial support by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN MAT 2010-15101 project, Spain), by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and by the projects P10-RNM-6630 and P11-FQM-7074 from Junta de Andalucía (Spain). Juan de Vicente University of Granada Spain