Virus Variability, Epidemiology and Control PDF
Preview Virus Variability, Epidemiology and Control
APPLIED VI ROLOGY RESEARCH Volume 2 Virus Variability, Epidemiology, and Control APPLIED VIROLOGY RESEARCH Editor-in-Chief: Edouard Kurstak, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Series Editors: R. C. Marusyk, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada F. A. Murphy, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia M. H. V. Van Regenmortel, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Strasbourg, France Volume 1 NEW VACCINES AND CHEMOTHERAPY Edited by Edouard Kurstak, R. G. Marusyk, F. A. Murphy, and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel Volume 2 VIRUS VARIABILITY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND CONTROL Edited by Edouard Kurstak, R. G. Marusyk, F. A. Murphy, and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further in formation please contact the publisher. APPLIED VI ROLOGY RESEARCH Volume 2 Virus Variability, Epidemiology, and Control Edited by Edouard Ku rstak University of Montreal Montreal, Quebec, Canada R. C. Marusyk University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada F. A. Murphy Centers for Disease Control Atlanta, Georgia and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Strasbourg, France SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC LIbrary of Congress CatalogIng-In-Publication Data VIrus variability, epIdemiology; and control 1 edIted by Edouard Kurstak '" [et al.]. p. CN. -- (Appl led virology research; v. 2) Includes bIblIographical references. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-4757-9273-7 ISBN 978-1-4757-9271-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-9271-3 1. Vlruses--Variation. 2. Viral genetics. 3. VIrus dlseases -EpIdemiology. I. Kurstak, Edouard. II. Series. [ONLM: 1. Virus Diseases--epidemiology. 2. Virus Diseases -prevention & control. 3. Vlruses--genetics. W1 AP51SR v. 2 1 WC 500 V8225] QR392.V57 1990 S1S'.0194--dc20 DNLM/DLC for LIbrary of Congress 90-7440 CIP © 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Publishing Corporation in 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1990 No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors D. J. Alexander • Poultry Department, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KTl5 3NB, England A. AI-Tuwaijri • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 317 Canada M. E. Andrew • CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia A. R. Bellamy • Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand C. C. Bergmann • Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand C. W Both • CSIRO Division of Biotechnology, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia D. B. Boyle • CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia Lynn C. Bruce • Chemical Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 OJQ, England Susan Carpenter • Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana 59840; present address: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011. Mary E. Chamberland • Division of HIV / AIDS, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333 Bruce Chesebro • Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana 59840 May C. Chu • Division of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522 ). M. Coffin • Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Boston, Massachusetts 02111 Nancy J. COX • Influenza Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333 James W Curran • Division of HIV / AIDS, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333 Julian I. Delic • Chemical Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 01Q, England v vi CONTRIBUTORS Esteban Domingo • Centro de Biologfa Molecular, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Canto Blanco 28049, Madrid, Spain Joaqufn Dopazo • Laboratorio de Gent!tica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valen cia, Spain Stephen M. Eley • Chemical Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 OJQ, England Leonard H. Evans • Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana 59840 George E. Fox • University of Houston, Department of Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77004 Matthew A. Gonda • Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Structure, Program Resources, Inc., NCI-Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Frederick, Maryland 21701 Maurice W. Harmon • Influenza Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333 Robert M. Henstridge • Chemical Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 OJQ, England A. Hossain • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7 Canada David L. Huso • Division of Comparative Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Alan P. Kendal • Influenza Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333 Olen M. Kew • Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333 Srisakul C. Kliks • University of California, School of Public Health, Department of Biomedical and Environmental Health Sciences, Berkeley, California 94705 C. Kurstak • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7 Canada E. Kurstak • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7 Canada Charles L. Manske • University of Houston, Department of Biochemical and Biophysical Sci ences, Houston, Texas 77004 Miguel A. Martfnez • Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, 28012 Madrid, Spain Mauricio G. Mateu • Centro de Biologfa Molecular, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Canto Blanco 28049, Madrid, Spain Thomas P. Monath • SGRD-UlV, Virology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Derrick, Frederick, Maryland 21701-5011. Norman F. Moore • Chemical Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 OJQ, England CONTRIBUTORS vii Andres Moya • Laboratorio de Genetica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain Brian Murphy • Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Opendra Narayan • Division of Comparative Medicine and Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Baldev K. Nottay • Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333 Peter Palese • Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029 Mark A. Pallansch • Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333 Rebecca Rico-Hesse • Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333; present address: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510 P. H. Russell • Department of Veterinary Pathology, The Royal Veterinary College, London NW I OTU, England A. C. R. Samson • Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, England M. Sevoian • Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 Francisco Sobrino • Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, 28012 Madrid, Spain S. C. Stirzaker • CSIRO Division of Biotechnology, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia John Treanor • Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642 Dennis W Trent • Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Ser vices, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522 David Arthur John Tyrrell • Medical Research Council Common Cold Unit, Harvard Hospital, Salisbury, Wilts SP2 8BW, England Guido van der Groen • Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium Kathleen van Wyke Coelingh • Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; present address: Protein Design Labs, Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304 Makoto Yamashita • Bioscience Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, Japan Preface to the Series Viral diseases contribute significantly to human morbidity and mortality and cause severe economic losses by affecting livestock and crops in all countries. Even with the preventive measures takcn in the United States, losses caused by viral diseases annually exceed billions of dollars. Five million people worldwide die every year from acute gastroenteritis, mainly of rotavirus origin, and more than one million children die annually from measles. In addition, rabies and viral hepatitis continuc to be diseases of major public health concern in many countries of the Third World, whcre morc than 200 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. The recent discovery of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by a retrovirus, mobilized health services and enormous resources. This virus infection and its epidemic development clearly demonstrate the importance of applied virology research and the limits of our understanding of molecular mecha nisms of viral pathogenicity and immunogenicity. The limitations of our knowledge and understanding of viral diseases extend to the production of safe and reliable vaccines, particularly for genetically unstable viruses, and to antiviral chemo therapy. The number of antiviral drugs currently available is still rather limited, despite extensive research efforts. The main problem is finding compounds that selectively inhibit virus replication without producing toxic effects on cells. Indeed, the experimental efficacy of several drugs, for example, new nucleoside derivatives, some of which are analogues of acyclovir, makcs it clcar that antiviral chemotherapy must come of age because many new compounds show promise as antiviral agents. In the field of antiviral vaccine production, molecular biologists are using a wide variety of new techniques and tools, such as genetic engineering technology, to refine our understanding of molecular pathogenicity of viruses and of genetic sequences responsible for virulence. Identification of genes that induce virulence is vital to the construction of improved antiviral vaccincs. Novel types of vaccines are presently receiving particular attention. For example, the protein that carries the protective epitopes of hepatitis B virus, which is produced by expressing the appropriate viral gene in yeast or in mammalian cell systems, is now available. Another group of new vaccines are produced by using vaccinia virus as a vector for the expression of genes of several viruses. Vaccines for rabies, influenza, respiratory syncytial disease, hepatitis B, herpes infection, and AIDS, which are based on greatly enhanced expression of the viral genes in vaccinia virus, are being tested. Also of interest is baculovirus, an insect cell vector system now used in the development of recombinant DNA vaccines for a variety of important human and animal virus diseases. This system yields very large quantities of properly processed and folded proteins from the rabies, hepatitis B, AIDS, and Epstein-Barr viruses. The synthetic peptides, which act as specific immunogens, have also received attention as new antiviral vaccines. The recent experimental performance of new synthetic peptides of foot-and mouth disease virus, as well as peptide-based vaccines for poliovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis B, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, gives strong support for this group of specific immunogens. However, testing of these synthetic peptide vaccines is in the early stages and future research will have to answer several questions about their safety, efficacy, and immune responses. Current attempts at developing synthetic vaccines are based either on recombinant DNA technology or on chemical-peptide synthesis. Several virus proteins have been produced in bacte rial, yeast, or animal cells through the use of recombinant DNA technology, while live vaccines ix x PREFACE TO THE SERIES have been produced by introducing relevant genes into the genome of vaccinia virus. By using solid phase peptide synthesis, it has been possible to obtain peptides that mimic the antigenic determi nants of viral proteins, that elicit a protective immunity against several viruses. Both the chemical and the recombinant approaches have led to the development of experimental vaccines. It should become clear within a few years which approach will lead to vaccines superior to the ones in use today. The recent development of monoclonal antibody production techniques and enzyme immu noassays permits their application in virology research, diagnosis of viral diseases, and vaccine assessment and standardization. These techniques are useful at different stages in the development of vaccines, mainly in the antigenic characterization of infectious agents with monoclonal anti bodies, in assessment schemes in research and clinical assays, and in production. This new series, entitled Applied Virology Research, is intended to promote the publication of overviews on new virology research data, which will include within their scope such subjects as vaccine production, antiviral chemotherapy, diagnosis kits, reagent production, and instrumentation for automation interfaced with computers for rapid and accurate data processing. We sincerely hope that Applied Virology Research will serve a large audience of virologists, immunologists, geneticists, biochemists, chemists, and molecular biologists, as well as specialists of vaccine production and experts of health services involved in the control and treatment of viral diseases of plants, animals, and man. This series will also be of interest to all diagnostic laborato ries, specialists, and physicians dealing with infectious diseases. Edouard Kurstak Montreal, Canada
The list of books you might like
