Virology : principles and applications

383 Pages·2007·23.91 MB·English

V
IROLOGY

V
IROLOGY
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS
John B. Carter and Venetia A. Saunders
School of Biomolecular Sciences,
Liverpool John Moores University, UK
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Carter,John,1944–
Virology:principlesandapplications/JohnCarterandVenetia
Saunders.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-02386-0(cloth)
1. Virology. 2. Viruses. 3. Virusdiseases. I.Saunders,Venetia
A.,1949– II.Title.
[DNLM:1. Viruses. 2. VirusDiseases. QW160C323v2007]
QR360.C362007
616.9(cid:1)101–dc22
2007017896
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ISBN:978-0-470-02386-0(HB)
978-0-470-02387-7(PB)
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To Myra, Robert, Jon and Mark

Contents
Preface xv
Abbreviations used in this book xvii
Greek letters used in this book xxi
Colour coding for molecules xxiii
1 Viruses and their importance 1
Ataglance 1
1.1 VirusesareubiquitousonEarth 3
1.2 Reasonsforstudyingviruses 3
1.3 Thenatureofviruses 4
1.4 Theremainderofthebook 7
Learningoutcomes 7
Sourcesoffurtherinformation 7
2 Methods used in virology 9
Ataglance 9
2.1 Introductiontomethodsusedinvirology 11
2.2 Cultivationofviruses 12
2.3 Isolationofviruses 13
2.4 Centrifugation 13
2.5 Structuralinvestigationsofcellsandvirions 17
2.6 Electrophoretictechniques 17
2.7 Detectionofvirusesandviruscomponents 18
2.8 Infectivityassays 22
2.9 Virusgenetics 26
Learningoutcomes 28
Sourcesoffurtherinformation 28
3 Virus structure 31
Ataglance 31
3.1 Introductiontovirusstructure 32
3.2 Virusgenomes 32
3.3 Virusproteins 37
3.4 Capsids 39
3.5 Virionmembranes 45
3.6 Occlusionbodies 47
viii CONTENTS
3.7 Othervirioncomponents 47
Learningoutcomes 48
Sourcesoffurtherinformation 48
4 Virus transmission 49
Ataglance 49
4.1 Introductiontovirustransmission 50
4.2 Transmissionofplantviruses 51
4.3 Transmissionofvertebrateviruses 54
4.4 Transmissionofinvertebrateviruses 56
4.5 Permissivecells 57
Learningoutcomes 58
Sourcesoffurtherinformation 58
5 Attachment and entry of viruses into cells 59
Ataglance 59
5.1 Overviewofvirusreplication 60
5.2 Animalviruses 61
5.3 Bacteriophages 68
Learningoutcomes 68
Sourcesoffurtherinformation 68
6 Transcription, translation and transport 69
Ataglance 69
6.1 Introductiontotranscription,translationandtransport 70
6.2 Transcriptionofvirusgenomes 70
6.3 Transcriptionineukaryotes 72
6.4 Translationineukaryotes 77
6.5 Transportineukaryoticcells 81
6.6 Transcriptionandtranslationinbacteria 83
Learningoutcomes 84
Sourcesoffurtherinformation 84
7 Virus genome replication 85
Ataglance 85
7.1 Overviewofvirusgenomereplication 86
7.2 Locationsofvirusgenomereplicationineukaryoticcells 88
7.3 Initiationofgenomereplication 88
7.4 Polymerases 89
7.5 DNAreplication 90
7.6 Double-strandedRNAreplication 91
7.7 Single-strandedRNAreplication 92
7.8 Reversetranscription 92
Learningoutcomes 93
Sourcesoffurtherinformation 93
CONTENTS ix
8 Assembly and exit of virions from cells 95
Ataglance 95
8.1 Introductiontoassemblyandexitofvirionsfromcells 96
8.2 Nucleocapsidassembly 96
8.3 Formationofvirionmembranes 98
8.4 Virionexitfromtheinfectedcell 101
Learningoutcomes 101
Sourcesoffurtherinformation 102
9 Outcomes of infection for the host 103
Ataglance 103
9.1 Introductiontooutcomesofinfectionforthehost 105
9.2 Factorsaffectingoutcomesofinfection 105
9.3 Non-productiveinfections 110
9.4 Productiveinfections 112
Learningoutcomes 114
Sourcesoffurtherinformation 114
10 Classification and nomenclature of viruses 115
Ataglance 115
10.1 Historyofvirusclassificationandnomenclature 116
10.2 Modernvirusclassificationandnomenclature 116
10.3 Baltimoreclassificationofviruses 119
Learningoutcomes 119
Sourcesoffurtherinformation 120
11 Herpesviruses (and other dsDNA viruses) 121
Ataglance 121
11.1 Introductiontoherpesviruses 122
11.2 Thehumanherpesviruses 122
11.3 Theherpesvirusvirion 123
11.4 HSV-1genomeorganization 124
11.5 HSV-1replication 124
11.6 Latentherpesvirusinfection 130
11.7 OtherdsDNAviruses 132
Learningoutcomes 135
Sourcesoffurtherinformation 135
12 Parvoviruses (and other ssDNA viruses) 137
Ataglance 137
12.1 Introductiontoparvoviruses 138
12.2 Examplesofparvoviruses 138
12.3 Parvovirusvirion 139
12.4 Parvovirusreplication 141