Vibration Monitoring, Testing, and Instrumentation

654 Pages·2007·92.54 MB·English

by  Clarence W. de Silva

Vibration Monitoring,
Testing, and
Instrumentation
©© 22000077 bbyy TTaayylloorr && FFrraanncciiss GGrroouupp,, LLLLCC
53191—14/3/2007—18:49—VELU—246493—CRC–pp.1–15
Mechanical Engineering Series
Frank Kreith and Roop Mahajan - Series Editors
Published Titles
Computer Techniques in Vibration Mechanics of Fatigue
Clarence W. de Silva Vladimir V. Bolotin
Distributed Generation: The Power Paradigm for Mechanics of Solids and Shells: Theories and
the New Millennium Approximations
Anne-Marie Borbely &Jan F. Kreider Gerald Wempner & Demosthenes Talaslidis
Elastoplasticity Theory Mechanism Design: Enumeration of Kinematic
Vlado A. Lubarda Structures According to Function
Lung-Wen Tsai
Energy Audit of Building Systems:
An Engineering Approach The MEMS Handbook, Second Edition
MoncefKrarti MEMS: Introduction and Fundamentals
Engineering Experimentation MEMS: Design and Fabrication
MEMS: Applications
Euan Somerscales
Mohamed Gad-el-Hak
Entropy Generation Minimization
Adrian Bejan Nanotechnology: Understanding Small Systems
Ben Rogers, Jesse Adams & Sumita Pennathur
Finite Element Method Using MATLAB®,
2nd Edition Nonlinear Analysis of Structures
Young W. Kwon & Hyochoong Bang M. Sathyamoorthy
Fluid Power Circuits and Controls: Fundamentals Practical Inverse Analysis in Engineering
and Applications David M. Trujillo & Henry R. Busby
John S. Cundiff Pressure Vessels: Design and Practice
Fundamentals of Environmental Discharge Somnath Chattopadhyay
Modeling Principles of Solid Mechanics
Lorin R. Davis
Rowland Richards, Jr.
Heat Transfer in Single and Multiphase Systems Thermodynamics for Engineers
GregF. Naterer Kau-Fui Wong
Introductory Finite Element Method Vibration Damping, Control, and Design
Chandrakant S. Desai & Tribikram Kundu Clarence W. de Silva
Intelligent Transportation Systems: New Principles Vibration Monitoring, Testing, and Instrumentation
and Architectures
Clarence W. de Silva
Sumit Ghosh & Tony Lee
Vibration and Shock Handbook
Mathematical & Physical Modeling of Materials
Clarence W. de Silva
Processing Operations
Viscoelastic Solids
Olusegun Johnson Ilegbusi, Manabu Iguchi &
Walter E. Wahnsiedler Roderic S. Lakes
Mechanics of Composite Materials
AutarK. Kaw
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Vibration Monitoring,
Testing, and
Instrumentation
Edited by
Clarence W. de Silva
The University of British Columbia
Vancouver, Canada
Ltfi) CRC Press
VV^ J Taylor & Francis Group
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
This material was previously published in Vibration and Shock Handbook © 2005 by CRC Press, LLC.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Vibration monitoring, testing, and instrumentation / editor Clarence W. de Silva.
p. cm. — (Mechanical engineering series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4200-5319-7 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10:1-4200-5319-1 (alk. paper)
1. Vibration. 2. Shock (Mechanics) I. De Silva, Clarence W. II. Title. III. Series.
TA355.V5228 2007
620.3028'7-dc22 2006100139
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© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface
Individual chapters authored by distinguished leaders and experienced professionals in their
respective topics, this book provides for engineers, technicians, designers, researchers, educators, and
students, a convenient, thorough, up-to-date and authoritative reference source on techniques, tools,
and data for monitoring, testing, and instrumentation of mechanical vibration and shock. Included
are shock and vibration methodologies particularly for civil and mechanical engineering systems;
instrumentation and testing methods, including sensors, exciters, signal acquisition, conditioning,
and recording, and LabVIEWw tools for virtual instrumentation; testing and design for seismic
vibration, and related regulatory issues; and human response to vibration. Important information
and results are summarized as windows, tables, graphs, and lists, throughout the chapters, for easy
reference and information tracking. References are given at the end of each chapter, for further
information and study. Cross-referencing is used throughout to indicate other places in the book
where further information on a particular topic is provided.
In the book, equal emphasis is given to theory and practical application. Analytical
formulations, design approaches, monitoring and testing techniques, and commercial software
tools are presented and illustrated. Commercial equipment, computer hardware, and instrumenta-
tion are described, analyzed, and demonstrated for field application, practical implementation, and
experimentation. Examples and case studies are given throughout the book to illustrate the use
and application of the included information. The material is presented in a format that is
convenient for easy reference and recollection.
Mechanical vibration is a manifestation of the oscillatory behavior in mechanical systems as a
result of either the repetitive interchange of kinetic and potential energies among components in
the system, or a forcing excitation that is oscillatory. Such oscillatory responses are not limited to
purely mechanical systems, and are found in electrical and fluid systems as well. In purely thermal
systems, however, free natural oscillations are not possible, and an oscillatory excitation is needed
to obtain an oscillatory response. Sock is vibration caused by brief, abrupt, and typically high-
intensity excitations. Low levels of vibration mean reduced noise and improved work environment.
Consequently, a considerable effort is devoted today to monitoring, studying, and modifying the
vibration and shock generated by machinery components, machine tools, transit vehicles, impact
processes, civil engineering structures, fluid flow systems, and aircraft. Before designing a system
for good vibratory or shock performance, it is important to understand, analyze, and represent the
dynamic characteristics of the system. This may be accomplished through monitoring, testing and
analysis of test data, which is the emphasis of this book.
In recent years, educators, researchers, and practitioners have devoted considerable effort towards
studying, monitoring, and testing vibration and shock in a range of applications in various branches
of engineering; particularly, civil, mechanical, aeronautical and aerospace, and production and
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vi Preface
manufacturing. Specific applications are found in machine tools, transit vehicles, impact processes,
civil engineering structures, construction machinery, industrial processes, product qualification and
quality control, fluid flow systems, ships, and aircraft. This book is a contribution towards these
efforts.
Clarence W. de Silva
Editor-in-Chief
Vancouver,Canada
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Acknowledgments
Iwishtoexpressmygratitudetotheauthorsofthechaptersfortheirvaluableandhighlyprofessional
contributions.IamverygratefultoMichaelSlaughter,AcquisitionsEditor-Engineering,CRCPress,for
his enthusiasm and support throughout the project. Editorial and production staff at CRC Press have
done an excellent job in getting this volume out in print. Finally, I wish to lovingly acknowledge the
patienceandunderstandingofmyfamily.
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Editor-in-Chief
Dr. Clarence W. de Silva, P.Eng., Fellow ASME, Fellow IEEE, Fellow Canadian Academy of
Engineering,isProfessorofMechanicalEngineeringattheUniversityofBritishColumbia,Vancouver,
Canada,andhasoccupiedtheNSERC-BCPackersResearchChairinIndustrialAutomation,since1988.
He has earned Ph.D. degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of
Cambridge, England. De Silva has also occupied the Mobil Endowed Chair Professorship in the
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the National University of Singapore. He has
served as a consultantto several companies including IBMand Westinghouse in U.S., and has led the
development of eight industrial machines and devices. He is recipient of the Henry M. Paynter
Outstanding Investigator Award from the Dynamic Systems and Control Division of the American
SocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME),KillamResearchPrize,LifetimeAchievementAwardfromthe
World Automation Congress, Outstanding Engineering Educator Award of IEEE Canada, Yasundo
Takahashi Education Award of the Dynamic Systems and Control Division of ASME, IEEE Third
MillenniumMedal,MeritoriousAchievementAwardoftheAssociationofProfessionalEngineersofBC,
andtheOutstandingContributionAwardoftheSystems,Man,andCyberneticsSocietyoftheInstitute
ofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers(IEEE).
Hehasauthored16technicalbooksincludingSensorsandActuators:ControlSystemInstrumentation
(Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2007); Mechatronics—An Integrated Approach (Taylor & Francis, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005); Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems Design—Theory, Tools, and
Applications (with F. Karry, Addison Wesley, New York, NY, 2004); VIBRATION Fundamentals and
Practice (Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2nd edition, 2006); INTELLIGENT CONTROL Fuzzy Logic
Applications(Taylor&Francis,CRCPress,1995),ControlSensorsandActuators(PrenticeHall,1989),14
editedvolumes,over170journalpapers,200conferencepapers,and12bookchapters.Hehasservedon
theeditorialboardsof14internationaljournals,inparticularastheEditor-in-ChiefoftheInternational
JournalofControlandIntelligentSystems,Editor-in-ChiefoftheInternationalJournalofKnowledge-Based
Intelligent Engineering Systems, Senior Technical Editor of Measurements and Control, and Regional
Editor,NorthAmerica,ofEngineeringApplicationsofArtificialIntelligence – theInternationalJournalof
IntelligentReal-TimeAutomation.HeisaLillyFellowatCarnegieMellonUniversity,NASA-ASEEFellow,
Senior Fulbright Fellow at Cambridge University, ASI Fellow, and a Killam Fellow. Research and
development activities of ProfessordeSilvaareprimarilycentered inthe areas ofprocessautomation,
robotics, mechatronics, intelligent control, and sensors and actuators, with cash funding of about $6
million,asprincipalinvestigator.
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Contributors
Kourosh Danai T.H. Lee Priyan Mendis
UniversityofMassachusetts NationalUniversityofSingapore UniversityofMelbourne
Amherst,Massachusetts Singapore Melbourne,Victoria,Australia
Clarence W. de Silva Y.P. Leow Tuan Ngo
TheUniversityofBritishColumbia UniversityofMelbourne
SingaporeInstituteofManufacturing
Vancouver,BritishColumbia,Canada Melbourne,Victoria,Australia
Technology
P. S. Heyns Singapore
Mulyo Harris Pradono
UniversityofPretoria
S.Y. Lim KyotoUniversity
Pretoria,SouthAfrica
Kyoto,Japan
SingaporeInstituteofManufacturing
S. Huang Technology
C. Scheffer
NationalUniversityofSingapore Singapore
UniversityofStellenbosch
Singapore
Jiaohao Lin Pretoria,SouthAfrica
Hirokazu Iemura
DalianUniversityofTechnology K.K. Tan
KyotoUniversity Liaoning,People’sRepublicofChina
Kyoto,Japan NationalUniversityofSingapore
Singapore
W. Lin
Sarvesh Kumar Jain
SingaporeInstituteofManufacturing K.Z. Tang
MadhavInstituteofTechnologyand
Technology
Science NationalUniversityofSingapore
Singapore
MadhyaPradesh,India Singapore
Christian Lalanne Chris K. Mechefske Yahui Zhang
EngineeringConsultant Queen’sUniversity DalianUniversityofTechnology
Jalles,France Kingston,Ontario,Canada Liaoning,People’sRepublicofChina
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Contents
1
Vibration Instrumentation ClarenceW.deSilva ....................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 1-1
1.2 VibrationExciters....................................................................................................................... 1-3
1.3 ControlSystem......................................................................................................................... 1-15
1.4 PerformanceSpecification....................................................................................................... 1-21
1.5 MotionSensorsandTransducers............................................................................................ 1-27
1.6 Torque,Force,andOtherSensors .......................................................................................... 1-50
Appendix1A VirtualInstrumentationforDataAcquisition,Analysis,
andPresentation....................................................................................................................... 1-73
2
Signal Conditioning and Modification ClarenceW.deSilva ................................................ 2-1
2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 2-2
2.2 Amplifiers.................................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.3 AnalogFilters............................................................................................................................ 2-15
2.4 ModulatorsandDemodulators............................................................................................... 2-29
2.5 Analog–DigitalConversion..................................................................................................... 2-37
2.6 BridgeCircuits.......................................................................................................................... 2-43
2.7 LinearizingDevices .................................................................................................................. 2-49
2.8 MiscellaneousSignalModificationCircuitry......................................................................... 2-56
2.9 SignalAnalyzersandDisplayDevices .................................................................................... 2-62
3
Vibration Testing ClarenceW.deSilva.......................................................................................... 3-1
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 3-1
3.2 RepresentationofaVibrationEnvironment............................................................................ 3-3
3.3 PretestProcedures.................................................................................................................... 3-24
3.4 TestingProcedures.................................................................................................................... 3-37
3.5 SomePracticalInformation .................................................................................................... 3-52
4
Experimental Modal Analysis ClarenceW.deSilva.................................................................. 4-1
4.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.2 Frequency-DomainFormulation.............................................................................................. 4-2
4.3 ExperimentalModelDevelopment........................................................................................... 4-8
4.4 CurveFittingofTransferFunctions ....................................................................................... 4-10
4.5 LaboratoryExperiments .......................................................................................................... 4-18
4.6 CommercialEMASystems...................................................................................................... 4-24
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