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Vibration Control of Active Structures: An Introduction PDF

529 Pages·2018·24.59 MB·English
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Solid Mechanics and Its Applications André Preumont Vibration Control of Active Structures An Introduction Fourth Edition Solid Mechanics and Its Applications Volume 246 Series editors J.R. Barber, Ann Arbor, USA Anders Klarbring, Linköping, Sweden Founding editor G.M.L. Gladwell, Waterloo, ON, Canada Aims and Scope of the Series Thefundamentalquestionsarisinginmechanicsare:Why?,How?,andHowmuch? The aim of this series is to provide lucid accounts written by authoritative researchersgivingvisionandinsightinansweringthesequestionsonthesubjectof mechanics as it relates to solids. The scope of the series covers the entire spectrum of solid mechanics. Thus it includes the foundation of mechanics; variational formulations; computational mechanics; statics, kinematics and dynamics of rigid and elastic bodies: vibrations of solids and structures; dynamical systems and chaos; the theories of elasticity, plasticity and viscoelasticity; composite materials; rods, beams, shells and membranes; structural control and stability; soils, rocks and geomechanics; fracture; tribology; experimental mechanics; biomechanics and machine design. Themedianlevelofpresentationistothefirstyeargraduatestudent.Sometexts aremonographs defining thecurrentstateofthe field; othersareaccessibletofinal year undergraduates; but essentially the emphasis is on readability and clarity. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6557 é Andr Preumont Vibration Control of Active Structures An Introduction Fourth Edition 123 AndréPreumont ActiveStructures Laboratory UniversitéLibre deBruxelles Brussels Belgium ISSN 0925-0042 ISSN 2214-7764 (electronic) Solid MechanicsandIts Applications ISBN978-3-319-72295-5 ISBN978-3-319-72296-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72296-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017962041 1stedition:©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht1997 2ndedition:©KluwerAcademicPublishers2004 3rdedition:©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011 4thedition:©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland … le travail éloigne de nous trois grands maux l’ennui, le vice et le besoin. Voltaire, Candide (XXX) Preface to the Fourth Edition Withrespecttothepreviousedition,published7yearsago,littlechangeshavebeen brought to the first 14 chapters, except some minor alterations. In Chap. 5, the discussionofthetuningoftheinductiveshunthasbeendeepened,andinChap.7,a simple demonstration of the important formula n ¼ð! (cid:2)zÞ=2z is (at last) i i i i presented. In the subsequent part of the book, Chap. 15 on cable structures has been considerably enlarged to include our recent work on suspension bridges. The part devotedtoopticaltelescopeshasbeensplitinseveralchapters:Chap.16isdevoted to Adaptive Optics, a beautiful application of shape control of flat deformable mirrors. Chapter 17 focused on Active Optics, that is the control of the entire telescope. These two chapters have a direct relevance to the recently started extremely large telescope E-ELT (for which the scaling rules lead to surprising observations). They can also be viewed as interesting examples of control of large multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. Chapter 18 is more prospective; it addresses what could be the future of large (D[10 m) space reflectors at the horizon2030:foldablepolymershellswiththinlayersofelectroactivematerial;an interestingaspectofthediscussionisthehugedifferencebetweentheshapecontrol of a flat plate and that of a shell with double curvature. The first edition of this book being more than 20 years old, some of its content has inevitably less relevance, compared to earlier times or may even be outdated. If I were to rewrite this book, I would probably remove some of the material, in particular what is now part of most control textbooks (e.g., Chaps. 9, 11–13); the readerfamiliarwiththesesubjectswillforgivemeandskipthem,tofocusonwhat is the heart of the matter: the control of large, lightly damped structures. I wish to thank the group of PhD students who worked with me on this subject during the past few years, in particular (in alphabetic order) David Alaluf, Renaud Bastaits, Bilal Mokrani, and Kainan Wang. As usual, the quality of the hardware involvedinthevariousexperimentalset-upsowesalottothecareofmyRomanian colleagues Mihăiţă Horodincă, Iulian Romanescu, and Ioan Burda. vii viii PrefacetotheFourthEdition I am deeply indebted to the numerous funding organizations that supported the Active Structures Laboratory during my years at ULB. Aparticular thanks goes to the European Space Agency (ESA) which was always receptive to new research proposals. Brussels, Belgium André Preumont November 2017 Preface to the Third Edition From the outset, this book was intended to be a bridge between the domains of structuresandcontrol.Thismeansthatbothcontrolandstructuralengineersshould feelathomewhendealingwiththeirownfield(includingfamiliarnotations),while having a chance to become acquainted with the other’s discipline and its own specialized vocabulary. That ambition could be summarized by paraphrasing Woody Allen’s movie: Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Control-Structure Interaction (But Were Afraid to Ask). Vocabulary and notations are often major obstacles in communication between different communities, and thisisevenmoresowhenonedealswithsmartmaterialswhicharemultiphysicsby nature, forcing us to give up sacrosanct notations. In the nine years that separate this third edition from the previous one, I have enjoyedaconsiderable“returnonexperience”fromusersofthisbook,inacademia aswellasinindustry,andthishasguidedmeinpreparingthepresenttext.Another importantlessonhasbecomeclear:Thesuccessofastructuralcontrolprojectrelies more on a sound understanding of the system than on a sophisticated control algorithm. This third edition is about 100 pages longer than the second one. Half of these additional pages constitutes three totally new chapters: Chapter 3 is dedicated to electromagnetic and piezoelectric transducers; the detailed analysis of energy conversion mechanisms is motivated by the increasing importance of energy har- vesting devices and passive damping mechanisms. Chapter 5 is devoted to the passive damping of structures with piezoelectric transducers, including the basic principle of theswitched inductive shunt. Chapter 16 deals with what will become one of the most challenging structural control problems of the coming years: the active control of extremely large segmented telescopes, with a primary mirror of diameterD¼30mandmore.Thisproblemisinterestinginmanyrespects:Above all the surface accuracy, because the RMS wavefront error e cannot exceed a fractionofthewavelength,makingtheratioe=D(cid:3)10(cid:2)9particularlysmall.Thesize of the multivariable control system is also quite unusual: it will involve several thousand sensors and actuators. Finally, control-structure interaction islikelyto be ix x PrefacetotheThirdEdition critical in the design; this offers a wonderful example of the application of multi- variable robustness tests. Several other chapters have been reorganized to provide thereaderwithadeeperphysicalinsight,andbettertoolsfordesignandrobustness assessment. In Chapter 7 on active damping, the duality between the Direct VelocityFeedbackandtheIntegralForceFeedbackhasbeenstressed.Chapter8on isolation has been expanded to include the relaxation isolator which has out- standing performance and uses only passive components. I take this opportunity to thank my co-workers and former students who have helped me in producing this book. I am particularly indebted to the following for their work and contributions as listed below: Ahmed Abu Hanieh and Bruno de Marneffe for damping and isolation; Abhijit Ganguli for machine tool chatter alleviation;PierreDeManforvibroacoustics;MoreThomasAvraamforMRfluids; Renaud Bastaits and Gonçalo Rodrigues for active control of telescopes and adaptiveoptics;andChristopheColletteforsemi-activesuspensionandmanyother things. Bilal Mokrani also contributed to several aspects. The quality of the hard- ware involved in the various experimental set-ups is due to the care of Mihăiță Horodincă, Iulian Romanescu and Ioan Burda. Special thanks to Renaud who helpedmewiththefigures.Thelistofcolleagueswhohaveinspiredmeduringmy career would be too long to do them justice. Brussels, January 2011 André Preumont

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This textbook is an introduction to the dynamics of active structures and to the feedback control of lightly damped flexible structures; the emphasis is placed on basic issues and simple control strategies that work.Now in its fourth edition, more chapters have been added, and comments and feedback
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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.