Vibration Control of Active Structures: An Introduction

529 Pages·2018·24.59 MB·English

by  André Preumont (auth.)

Solid Mechanics and Its Applications
André Preumont
Vibration
Control of Active
Structures
An Introduction
Fourth Edition
Solid Mechanics and Its Applications
Volume 246
Series editors
J.R. Barber, Ann Arbor, USA
Anders Klarbring, Linköping, Sweden
Founding editor
G.M.L. Gladwell, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Aims and Scope of the Series
Thefundamentalquestionsarisinginmechanicsare:Why?,How?,andHowmuch?
The aim of this series is to provide lucid accounts written by authoritative
researchersgivingvisionandinsightinansweringthesequestionsonthesubjectof
mechanics as it relates to solids.
The scope of the series covers the entire spectrum of solid mechanics. Thus it
includes the foundation of mechanics; variational formulations; computational
mechanics; statics, kinematics and dynamics of rigid and elastic bodies: vibrations
of solids and structures; dynamical systems and chaos; the theories of elasticity,
plasticity and viscoelasticity; composite materials; rods, beams, shells and
membranes; structural control and stability; soils, rocks and geomechanics;
fracture; tribology; experimental mechanics; biomechanics and machine design.
Themedianlevelofpresentationistothefirstyeargraduatestudent.Sometexts
aremonographs defining thecurrentstateofthe field; othersareaccessibletofinal
year undergraduates; but essentially the emphasis is on readability and clarity.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6557
é
Andr Preumont
Vibration Control of Active
Structures
An Introduction
Fourth Edition
123
AndréPreumont
ActiveStructures Laboratory
UniversitéLibre deBruxelles
Brussels
Belgium
ISSN 0925-0042 ISSN 2214-7764 (electronic)
Solid MechanicsandIts Applications
ISBN978-3-319-72295-5 ISBN978-3-319-72296-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72296-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017962041
1stedition:©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht1997
2ndedition:©KluwerAcademicPublishers2004
3rdedition:©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011
4thedition:©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018
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… le travail éloigne de nous
trois grands maux
l’ennui, le vice et le besoin.
Voltaire, Candide (XXX)
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Withrespecttothepreviousedition,published7yearsago,littlechangeshavebeen
brought to the first 14 chapters, except some minor alterations. In Chap. 5, the
discussionofthetuningoftheinductiveshunthasbeendeepened,andinChap.7,a
simple demonstration of the important formula n ¼ð! (cid:2)zÞ=2z is (at last)
i i i i
presented.
In the subsequent part of the book, Chap. 15 on cable structures has been
considerably enlarged to include our recent work on suspension bridges. The part
devotedtoopticaltelescopeshasbeensplitinseveralchapters:Chap.16isdevoted
to Adaptive Optics, a beautiful application of shape control of flat deformable
mirrors. Chapter 17 focused on Active Optics, that is the control of the entire
telescope. These two chapters have a direct relevance to the recently started
extremely large telescope E-ELT (for which the scaling rules lead to surprising
observations). They can also be viewed as interesting examples of control of large
multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. Chapter 18 is more prospective; it
addresses what could be the future of large (D[10 m) space reflectors at the
horizon2030:foldablepolymershellswiththinlayersofelectroactivematerial;an
interestingaspectofthediscussionisthehugedifferencebetweentheshapecontrol
of a flat plate and that of a shell with double curvature.
The first edition of this book being more than 20 years old, some of its content
has inevitably less relevance, compared to earlier times or may even be outdated.
If I were to rewrite this book, I would probably remove some of the material, in
particular what is now part of most control textbooks (e.g., Chaps. 9, 11–13); the
readerfamiliarwiththesesubjectswillforgivemeandskipthem,tofocusonwhat
is the heart of the matter: the control of large, lightly damped structures.
I wish to thank the group of PhD students who worked with me on this subject
during the past few years, in particular (in alphabetic order) David Alaluf, Renaud
Bastaits, Bilal Mokrani, and Kainan Wang. As usual, the quality of the hardware
involvedinthevariousexperimentalset-upsowesalottothecareofmyRomanian
colleagues Mihăiţă Horodincă, Iulian Romanescu, and Ioan Burda.
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viii PrefacetotheFourthEdition
I am deeply indebted to the numerous funding organizations that supported the
Active Structures Laboratory during my years at ULB. Aparticular thanks goes to
the European Space Agency (ESA) which was always receptive to new research
proposals.
Brussels, Belgium André Preumont
November 2017
Preface to the Third Edition
From the outset, this book was intended to be a bridge between the domains of
structuresandcontrol.Thismeansthatbothcontrolandstructuralengineersshould
feelathomewhendealingwiththeirownfield(includingfamiliarnotations),while
having a chance to become acquainted with the other’s discipline and its own
specialized vocabulary. That ambition could be summarized by paraphrasing
Woody Allen’s movie: Everything You Always Wanted to Know About
Control-Structure Interaction (But Were Afraid to Ask). Vocabulary and notations
are often major obstacles in communication between different communities, and
thisisevenmoresowhenonedealswithsmartmaterialswhicharemultiphysicsby
nature, forcing us to give up sacrosanct notations.
In the nine years that separate this third edition from the previous one, I have
enjoyedaconsiderable“returnonexperience”fromusersofthisbook,inacademia
aswellasinindustry,andthishasguidedmeinpreparingthepresenttext.Another
importantlessonhasbecomeclear:Thesuccessofastructuralcontrolprojectrelies
more on a sound understanding of the system than on a sophisticated control
algorithm.
This third edition is about 100 pages longer than the second one. Half of these
additional pages constitutes three totally new chapters: Chapter 3 is dedicated to
electromagnetic and piezoelectric transducers; the detailed analysis of energy
conversion mechanisms is motivated by the increasing importance of energy har-
vesting devices and passive damping mechanisms. Chapter 5 is devoted to the
passive damping of structures with piezoelectric transducers, including the basic
principle of theswitched inductive shunt. Chapter 16 deals with what will become
one of the most challenging structural control problems of the coming years: the
active control of extremely large segmented telescopes, with a primary mirror of
diameterD¼30mandmore.Thisproblemisinterestinginmanyrespects:Above
all the surface accuracy, because the RMS wavefront error e cannot exceed a
fractionofthewavelength,makingtheratioe=D(cid:3)10(cid:2)9particularlysmall.Thesize
of the multivariable control system is also quite unusual: it will involve several
thousand sensors and actuators. Finally, control-structure interaction islikelyto be
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x PrefacetotheThirdEdition
critical in the design; this offers a wonderful example of the application of multi-
variable robustness tests. Several other chapters have been reorganized to provide
thereaderwithadeeperphysicalinsight,andbettertoolsfordesignandrobustness
assessment. In Chapter 7 on active damping, the duality between the Direct
VelocityFeedbackandtheIntegralForceFeedbackhasbeenstressed.Chapter8on
isolation has been expanded to include the relaxation isolator which has out-
standing performance and uses only passive components.
I take this opportunity to thank my co-workers and former students who have
helped me in producing this book. I am particularly indebted to the following for
their work and contributions as listed below: Ahmed Abu Hanieh and Bruno de
Marneffe for damping and isolation; Abhijit Ganguli for machine tool chatter
alleviation;PierreDeManforvibroacoustics;MoreThomasAvraamforMRfluids;
Renaud Bastaits and Gonçalo Rodrigues for active control of telescopes and
adaptiveoptics;andChristopheColletteforsemi-activesuspensionandmanyother
things. Bilal Mokrani also contributed to several aspects. The quality of the hard-
ware involved in the various experimental set-ups is due to the care of Mihăiță
Horodincă, Iulian Romanescu and Ioan Burda. Special thanks to Renaud who
helpedmewiththefigures.Thelistofcolleagueswhohaveinspiredmeduringmy
career would be too long to do them justice.
Brussels, January 2011 André Preumont