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Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America PDF

513 Pages·2000·34.875 MB·English
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Praisefor VENONA:DecodingSovietEspionageinAmerica "ThefullimplicationsofSovietespionageintheUnitedStatesduringand immediatelyafterWorldWarIIareonlynowbeingrealized.Inyetanother superblyfascinatingvolume,HaynesandKlehrmakewondroususeoftheevi denceintheVenonacablestorevealthescopeofthislimited,butveryreal (attack'whichremainedsecretfortoolong:'-DanielPatrickMoynihan "WithunmatchedknowledgeofAmericancommunismandSovietespionagein America,HaynesandKlehrsettlesomeofthemostpersistenthistoricalcon troversiesofthedomesticcoldwar:'-RichardGidPowers "ProbablythedefinitivepublicstudyofSovietespionageintheUnited States:'-ArnoldBeichman,WeekryStandard "Thereverberationsfromthiscool,balanced,anddevastatingappraisalwillbe heardformanyyearstocome:'- KirkusReviews "AcarefulexplanationofthegreatestcodebreakoftheColdWar:' -DavidIgnatius,WashingtonMonthly "PreeminentauthoritiesonAmericancommunismprovidethefirstcomprehen siveexaminationofthesefiles,oneofU.S.counter-intelligence'sgreatest achievements:'- RorinM.Platt,ForeignServiceJournal "Readslikeafast-pacedspynove!:'-JohnHanchette,GannettNewsService "MayopenafundamentalrevisionofU.S.history:'-GilbertTaylor,Booklist "BetterthananythingJohnIeCarrecouldproduce,becauseinthiscase,truthis reallystrangerthanfiction:'-LibraryJournal VENONA John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr ~ Yale Nota Bene Yale University Press New Haven and London To my wife, Marcia Steinberg - HARVEY KLEHR To my wife, Janette -JOHN EARLHAYNES FirstpublishedasaYaleNotaBene TheLibraryofCongresshascatalogedthe bookin2000. hardcovereditionasfollows: Copyright©1999byYale Haynes,JohnEarl. University. Venona:DecodingSovietespionagein Allrightsreserved. America/JohnEarlHaynesand Thisbookmaynotbe HarveyKlehr. reproduced,inwholeorinpart, p. cm. includingillustrations,inany Includesindex. form(beyondthatcopying ISBN0-300-°7771-8 permittedbySections107and 108oftheU.S.CopyrightLaw I.CommunistPartyoftheUnited andexceptbyreviewersforthe StatesofAmerica-History- publicpress),withoutwritten Sources. 2.Espionage,Soviet- permissionfromthepublishers. UnitedStates-History-Sources. 3. Communism-UnitedStates-History Forinformationaboutthisand Sources. 4.Spies-SovietUnion otherYaleUniversityPress History-Sources. 5.Spies-United publications,pleasecontact: States-History-Sources. 6. Cryptography-UnitedStates U.S.office [email protected] History-Sources. I.Klehr, Europeoffice [email protected] Harvey. II.Title. JK239I.C5H39 1999 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. 327.1247'073'0904-dc21 98-51464 ISBN0-3°0-08462-5(pbk.) Acataloguerecordforthisbookis availablefromtheBritishLibrary. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Contents Acknowledgments Vll A Note about Transcription ofthe Documents IX Glossary xi Introduction: The Road to Venona 1 I: Venona and the Cold War 8 2: Breaking the Code 23 3: The American Communist Party Underground 57 4: The Golos-Bentley Network 93 5: Friends in High Places 116 6: Military Espionage 164 7: Spies in the U.S. Government 191 8: Fellowcountrymen 208 VI CONTENTS 9: Hunting Stalin's Enemies on American Soil 250 IO: Industrial and Atomic Espionage 287 I I: Soviet Espionage and American History 33I APPENDIX A: Source Venona: Americans and u.S. Residents Who Had Covert Relationships with Soviet Intelligence Agencies 339 APPENDIX B: Americans and u.S. Residents Who Had Covert Relationships with Soviet Intelligence Agencies but Were Not Identified in the Venona Cables 37I APPENDIX c: Foreigners Temporarily in the United States Who Had Covert Relationships with Soviet Intelligence Agencies 383 APPENDIX D: Americans and u.S. Residents Targeted as Potential Sources by Soviet Intelligence Agencies 387 APPENDIX E: Biographical Sketches of Leading KGB Officers Involved in Soviet Espionage in the United States 39I Notes 395 Index 477 Acknowledgments Everyone who studies Sovietespionage owes a debtofgratitudetoSen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, who was instrumental in persuading the American intelligencecommunityto expeditethe release oftheV~nona material. We are also grateful for the work of Michael Lostumbo, a member ofSenator Moynihan's staff, and Eric Biel, the director ofthe Commission on the Protection and Reduction of Government Secrecy. Weareparticularlyappreciativeofthehelpandencouragementwehave received from Robert Louis Benson and the late Cecil Phillips of the National Security Agency. They not only patientlyansweredoursome times naivequeries aboutcryptology;theyalsoreadthemanuscriptand saved us from many errors. A number ofscholars, writers, journalists, retired FBI agents and intelligenceofficers, andindependentresearchers helpedusinavarietyofways.Weareintheirdebt.TheyincludeJoseph Albright, Alan Cullison, Michael Dobbs, Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov, Robert Harris, David Horowitz, Gary Kern, Marcia Kunstel, Robert Lamphere, David McKnight, Harry Mahoney, Eduard Mark, Daniel Menaker, Hayden Peake, Richard Powers, Ronald Radosh, Rosalee Reynolds, Herbert Romerstein, Stephen Schwartz, Sam Tanenhaus, John Walsh, and Michael Warner. None of these people, however, is responsible for any ofour interpretations, and our errors and mistakes are ours alone. vii

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