Velocity-Free Localization Methodology for Acoustic and Microseismic Sources

353 Pages·2023·14.79 MB·English

by  Longjun Dong, Xibing Li

Longjun Dong
Xibing Li
Velocity-Free
Localization
Methodology
for Acoustic and
Microseismic
Sources
Velocity-Free Localization Methodology
for Acoustic and Microseismic Sources
·
Longjun Dong Xibing Li
Velocity-Free Localization
Methodology for Acoustic
and Microseismic Sources
Longjun Dong Xibing Li
School of Resources and Safety School of Resources and Safety
Engineering Engineering
Central South University Central South University
Changsha, China Changsha, China
ISBN 978-981-19-8609-3 ISBN 978-981-19-8610-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8610-9
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or
information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface
Microseismic/Acoustic Emission (MS/AE) source location is a technology using
information of acoustic waves, such as arrival time and amplitude, to determine
acoustic and microseismic sources. A large number of location methods have been
proposed over the past hundred years. Most of the methods assume that the prop-
agation path of acoustic wave is a ray, which means that the location accuracy is
sensitive to the accuracy of wave velocity. In fact, the wave velocity changes with
time and space during the propagation, which means that the pre-measured wave
velocity hardly matches the actual wave velocity. Therefore, using pre-measured
wave velocity may cause poor location accuracy.
Therefore, we proposed velocity-free localization methods for acoustic and micro-
seismic sources. These methods do not require the pre-determination of wave
velocity, which is a dynamically adjusted free real-time parameter. They solve the
problem of large location errors caused by the difference between measured wave
velocity and actual wave velocity in the source area, and greatly improve the posi-
tioning accuracy. They are suitable for complex structures where the wave velocity
changes dynamically in time and space, such as mines, bridges, buildings, pave-
ments, loaded mechanical structures, dams, geothermal mining, oil extraction, and
other engineering fields.
This book presents the velocity-free source localization methods from basic theory
to methodology and to application. It is intended to serve as an introduction to
velocity-free localization for advanced students and professionals.
This book is arranged into twelve chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the progress
in the development of localization methods and details the merits and demerits
of different localization methods. The basic theory about Acoustic Emission (AE)
source localization is demonstrated in Chap. 2. Chapter 3 investigates and discusses
the factors affecting the accuracy of source localization. Chapters 4–6 present respec-
tively analytical, iterative, and collaborative localization methods without the pre-
determination of velocity. Considering the complex structure in practical projects, a
velocity-free method based on non-straight wave travel paths is introduced in Chap. 7.
Chapters 8–12 demonstrate respectively the application of velocity-free localization
methods in slope stability analysis, localization of the trapped people after an accident
v
vi Preface
or disaster, localization of autonomous driverless vehicles in underground intelligent
mines, the study on micro-crack mechanism and precursor of rock instability, and
the prediction of rock instability risk.
Changsha, China Longjun Dong
Xibing Li
Acknowledgements
The book is partially supported by the International Cooperation and Exchange of
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52161135301), National Science
Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars of China (51822407), the Natural Science
Foundation of China (51774327), the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research
Operations in Universities (2282020cxqd055), and the National Key Research and
Development Program of China (2021YFC2900500).
I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Prof. Xi-Bing
Li for his support of Master’s and Ph.D. studies. I would also like to thank my
students Yong-Chao Chen, Si-Jia Deng, Qing-Chun Hu, Qiao-Mu Luo, Zhong-Wei
Pei, Wei-Wei Shu, Dao-Yuan Sun, Zheng Tang, Qing Tao, Xiao-Jie Tong, Jian Wang,
Xian-Han Yan, Long-Bin Yang, Yi-Han Zhang, and Wei Zou, who assisted me in
carrying out the verification experiments and blasting tests of all methods.
Finally, I am grateful to my parents wife, and children for their encouragement
and support.
Changsha, Hunan, China Longjun Dong
vii
Contents
1 Introduction .................................................. 1
1.1 Origin and Early Development of MS/AE Source
Localization ............................................. 2
1.2 Analytical Localization Methods ........................... 2
1.3 Iterative Localization Methods ............................. 4
1.3.1 Linear Iterative Methods ........................... 4
1.3.2 Nonlinear Iterative Methods ........................ 9
1.4 Emerging Methods ....................................... 12
1.4.1 Combination Methods ............................. 12
1.4.2 Localization Methods Based on Non-straight
Wave Travel Paths ................................ 13
1.4.3 Localization Methods Based on Machine Learning .... 14
References .................................................... 15
2 The Basic Theory of Source Localization ........................ 23
2.1 Introduction for Microseismic and AE Monitoring
Technology .............................................. 23
2.1.1 Acoustic Emission Monitoring Technology ........... 23
2.1.2 Microseismic Monitoring Technology ............... 25
2.2 Three Application Cases of the Source Localization ........... 26
2.2.1 One-Dimensional Case ............................ 26
2.2.2 Two-Dimensional Case ............................ 28
2.2.3 Three-Dimensional Case ........................... 30
2.3 Source Localization Methods with Known Wave Velocity ...... 31
2.3.1 Traditional Methods ............................... 31
2.3.2 Localization Method Based on Linearization
of Nonlinear Equations ............................ 33
2.4 Comparison between the Traditional Method
and Velocity-Free Method ................................. 41
2.4.1 Numerical Test and Location Results ................ 41
2.4.2 Blasting Test and Location Results .................. 47
ix
x Contents
2.5 Conclusions ............................................. 49
References .................................................... 49
3 Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Acoustic Emission Sources
Localization .................................................. 53
3.1 The Influence of Temperature on Location Accuracy .......... 54
3.1.1 Experimental Materials and Procedures .............. 54
3.1.2 Localization Method .............................. 56
3.1.3 Results and Discussion ............................ 58
3.2 The Influence of Velocity Error and Sensor Position
on Source Location Accuracy .............................. 65
3.2.1 Design of Numerical Tests ......................... 65
3.2.2 Localization Methods ............................. 73
3.2.3 Results and Discussion ............................ 73
3.3 The Influence of Stress Stages on Source Location Accuracy ... 77
3.3.1 Experimental Materials and Procedure ............... 77
3.3.2 Rock Fracture Stage Division ....................... 80
3.3.3 Results and Discussion ............................ 81
3.4 The Influence of Different Optimization Algorithms
on Source Location Accuracy .............................. 88
3.4.1 Numerical Test ................................... 89
3.4.2 Blasting Test ..................................... 91
3.5 Conclusions ............................................. 92
References .................................................... 93
4 Three-Dimensional Analytical Solution Under the Cuboid,
Rectangular Pyramid, and Random Sensor Networks ............ 95
4.1 Statement of the Problem .................................. 96
4.2 Analytical Method Under the Cuboid Sensor Network ......... 96
4.2.1 Analytic Solution I ................................ 97
4.2.2 Analytic Solution II ............................... 100
4.2.3 Analytic Solution III .............................. 102
4.3 Analytical Method Under the Rectangular Pyramid Sensor
Network ................................................ 105
4.4 Analytical Method Under the Random Sensors Network ....... 107
4.4.1 Analytical Method for Six Sensors .................. 107
4.4.2 Analytical Method for Greater Than Six Sensors ...... 108
4.5 Validated Examples and Discussion ......................... 111
4.5.1 Numerical Examples and Experimental Validation
Under the Cuboid Sensor Network .................. 111
4.5.2 Numerical Examples Under the Rectangular
Pyramid Sensor Network .......................... 115
4.5.3 Blasting Tests Under the Random Sensor Network ..... 117
4.6 Conclusions ............................................. 124
References .................................................... 129
Contents xi
5 Iterative Method for Velocity-Free Model ........................ 131
5.1 Multi-step Localization Method ............................ 131
5.2 Localization Method Combining Levenberg–Marquardt
Algorithm ............................................... 134
5.3 Localization Method Using P-wave and S-wave Arrivals ....... 137
5.4 Verification of Three Methods .............................. 140
5.4.1 Verification of MLM .............................. 140
5.4.2 Verification of MSLM-MV ......................... 149
5.4.3 Verification of PSAFUVS .......................... 155
5.5 Conclusions ............................................. 162
References .................................................... 165
6 Collaborative Localization Method Using Analytical
and Iterative Solutions ......................................... 167
6.1 Theory of the CLMAI ..................................... 168
6.1.1 Filtering the Abnormal Arrivals Using
the Analytical Solutions ........................... 169
6.1.2 The Iterative Localization Method Using Clear
Arrivals ......................................... 174
6.2 The Verification of the CLMAI by Blasts .................... 176
6.2.1 The Filtering of Abnormal Arrivals for Blasts ......... 176
6.2.2 The Validation for the Filtered Abnormal Arrivals ..... 181
6.2.3 The Locating Results Using the CLMAI
and Discussion ................................... 181
6.3 A Case Study for Locating the Microseismic Sources
in Kaiyang Mine ......................................... 184
6.4 Conclusions ............................................. 185
References .................................................... 188
7 Velocity-Free Localization Methods for the Complex
Structures Based on Non-straight Wave Travel Paths ............. 191
7.1 A* Localization Method Without Premeasured Velocity ........ 192
7.1.1 Initializing the Text Environment .................... 192
7.1.2 Collecting Arrivals ................................ 193
7.1.3 Searching the Fastest Wave Path .................... 194
7.1.4 Locating AE Source ............................... 198
7.2 Localization Method for Structures Containing Unknown
Empty Areas ............................................ 199
7.2.1 Determination of Unknown Empty Areas ............. 199
7.2.2 Localization of AE Sources ........................ 205
7.3 Localization Method for the Hole-Containing Structure ........ 206
7.3.1 Determine the Initial Environment .................. 207
7.3.2 Search for the Fastest Waveform Path ................ 208
7.3.3 Collect Data of Arrivals ............................ 212
7.3.4 Source Location .................................. 212