Vehicular ad hoc Networks: Standards, Solutions, and Research

543 Pages·2015·14.789 MB·English

by  Claudia Campolo, Antonella Molinaro, Riccardo Scopigno (eds.)

Claudia Campolo · Antonella Molinaro
Riccardo Scopigno E ditors
Vehicular
ad hoc
Networks
Standards, Solutions, and Research
Vehicular ad hoc Networks

Claudia Campolo • Antonella Molinaro
Riccardo Scopigno
Editors
Vehicular ad hoc Networks
Standards, Solutions, and Research
123
Editors
ClaudiaCampolo AntonellaMolinaro
UniversityMediterranea UniversityMediterranea
ofReggioCalabria ofReggioCalabria
ReggioCalabria,Italy ReggioCalabria,Italy
RiccardoScopigno
IstitutoSuperioreMario
Boella(ISMB),Torino,Italy
ISBN978-3-319-15496-1 ISBN978-3-319-15497-8 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-15497-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015936909
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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Preface
Editingabookisarewardingexperience,butalsoanendeavorwhichstealsalotof
time—especially your personaltime; even more, you can hardly know everything
fromthebeginningandthefinaloutcomeissomehowabet.
Consequently,youhavetothrowyourselfwholeheartedlyintosomethingwhich
isnotcompletelyguaranteed.Thisisnotinfrequentintheworkinglife,butitalready
challengesyourmotivation.
So, when given the opportunityto take up this experience,these, indeed, were
oursensations:prideforbeinggiventhepossibilitytocoordinateandcontributeto
sucha hottopicas vehicularcommunicationsare, but,atthe same time, manifold
doubtsaboutthecontentstoinclude,theauthorstoinvite,theirpossibleacceptance,
thepossiblefinalresult,thetargets,andmanyotherinitialdilemmas.
Then,firstly,wethreesataroundatable(virtually,sincewe areattheopposite
sidesofItaly)andwewonderedwhetheritcouldbeworthwritingonemorebook
on vehicularcommunications—thereare already some of them in the market. We
debatedrationally,comingtoafullconsensus(itmaynotbeobviousevenintwo),
supportedbyseveralarguments.
Indeed,thesearguments,togetherwithapresentationofthecontents,constitute
theprefacethatwechosetowrite:ifwemanagedtofulfillourinitialaim—wehope
so—ourmotivationsarethebestwaytointroducethecutandthepurposewhichwe
agreedforthisvolume.
ThefirstmotivationistheonewhichprobablytriggeredalsoSpringertocontact
us: vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) constitute a hot and alive topic, a still-
becomingone. Hence,it is a topic of interestboth froma commercialandfrom a
scientificpointofview.
Concerning the topicality, VANETs are about to be deployed: at the time of
thiswriting,bothEuropeanCountriesandthe UnitedStates aremakingtheirfinal
decisions on the rulemaking for vehicular networking technologies in newly sold
cars,whilemoreandmorefieldtrialsarerunningworldwide.Evenmore,thereare
greatexpectationssetonVANETsforimprovingroadsafetyandtransportefficiency
andasanenablerofvalue-addedservicesforpassengersanddrivers.
v
vi Preface
As a consequence, not only wireless scientists and engineers are involved in
the future of VANETs, but also people working in the automotive sector, service
providers,stakeholdersofthesmartcitiesandofthehighways,andthelistcouldbe
madelongerandlonger.
Allofthemsetinsideourintendedaudience.
So, related to the previous item, decisions about the contents to include were
influencedbyourbrainstormingontheaddresseesofthebook.
We envisaged a book requiring very few prerequisites and providing as many
detailsaspossibleonthefoundationsofvehicularcommunications(spanningfroma
historicalperspectivetothewirelessphenomena),theirpeculiaritiesandtherelevant
standardizationactivities(i.e.,presentingsolutionshighlightingtheirdifferencesto
thepreviousart),thetoolstostudythem,andtheemergingsolutions.
All in all, we made our best to write a comprehensive guide—but not an
encyclopedia—diggingasmuchasneededtokeepascientificapproach(thereader
can skip some details) but, at the same time, preserving the overall readability.
Cross-referencesamongchaptersensureaself-containedwork,andrichper-chapter
bibliographiesalsoprovidethereaderwithhintsforfurtherreadings.
Then,thereisthestillevolvingnatureofVANETsandthisisrelatedtoasecond
strongmotivation.Weareallscientistsinthisfieldandparticipatedintheevolution
ofthetopicsinceitsdawn,maturinganicepictureofitasawhole;and,importantly
for us, we got sufficient contacts to fill our gaps—we are the first to distrust who
“knows”everything.
Over the years, we have contributedto the research, by theoretical studies and
experiments,tothedissemination(byIEEEtutorials)and,inlittlepart,supporting
the standardization. All in all, we are so involved in VANETs and so keen on
the topic that the idea of editing a book let our enthusiasm run wild—we have to
acknowledgeit.
We have mentioned our contacts, so it is time to spend some words on who
contributedtothebook:allthecoauthorsaretop-rankingones,areallistofwho’s
who in the respective topics of each chapter (please take time to go through the
list). What is more, the list of authors includes a rich and diversified number of
contributors, many from the standardization and the Industry (this is not obvious
for a book:we have rarely seen together so many of them), and, obviously,some
fromtheAcademia;theyarefromdifferentworldregions,soastopreventapartial,
polarizedview.
Inthehappyattitudewhichischaracterizingourfinalwrap-up,wecansaythat,
in the end, we have closer relationshipswith such eminentfellow travelers in our
bookeditingadventure:wehopewehavemanagedtocoordinateandsupporttheir
workand,whenevertheyhaddoubts(orevensomethingmorethandoubts),wemay
havereassuredthem enough.Also in thiscase, we didour bestto be credibleand
patientheadcoaches.
Now,somewordsaboutthecharacterizingcontentsofthebook.
In addition to the general-purpose scope and the extensiveness—which have
already been mentioned—our aims, agreed with all the authors, included the
avoidanceoftechnologicalintegralismsandasignificantdifferentiationfromother
Preface vii
booksonthesametopics:thevolumedoesnotintendtoreplaceexistingliterature
buttocomplementitbycoveringstillunaddressedtopicsandbyupdatingcovered
butalreadyoutdatedcontents.
In this book, you will find details on the day-1 development, on evolution in
the nearby future, on the work and research which is under way, on the tools to
studyvehicularcommunicationsand,whatisevenmoreuncommonforabookon
VANETs,alsoonalternativeorcomplementarytechnologysolutions(sofarweare
fromintegralisms).
Every time we all tried to specify the actual feasibility, the timeline, and an
objectiveanalysis,tryingnottogiveanopinionforgrantedapriori,withnoproof.
Thebookconsistsof18chapters,organizedintofivesectionsbrieflyoutlinedin
thefollowing:
(cid:129) Part I provides introductory material with an historical overview of vehicular
communications(Chap.1)andofthestandardizationandharmonizationactivi-
tiespursuingaglobalsolution(Chap.2).Standardizationisacontinuousrunning
process;hencethereaderisadvisedtoconsultsourcedocumentsforsuccessive
updates.
(cid:129) Part II is aboutthe fundamentalsof VANETs: the IEEE 802.11-basedphysical
(PHY) andmediumaccesscontrol(MAC) layer(respectively,Chaps. 3 and4),
including phenomena, protocols, and packet formats; then the message sets
for vehicular communications (Chap. 5); and finally two topics still related
to the PHY-MAC layers: Decentralized Congestion Control (DCC) techniques
conceivedtocounteractsafetychannelcongestion(Chap.6)andthemultichannel
operation (Chap. 7). With the exception of DCC (which is in Part II for
coherence),this Part includesall subjects which refer to the day-1 of VANETs
(i.e.,thenearestfuture).
(cid:129) WithPartIII,thefocusmovestoadditionalfeaturesandupperlayers,pertaining
tothevehicularnetworkingandthesecurity.Chapter8isaboutforwarding(geo-
networking), Chap. 9 is about the adoption of IPv6 for Cooperative Intelligent
TransportSystem(C-ITS),andChap.10shedslightonthesecurityandprivacy
aspects.
(cid:129) Part IV is of primary interest for both scientists and newcomers: it overviews
the main tools used for the performance study of VANETs: mobility models
(Chap. 11), channel models (Chap. 12), simulation tools (Chap. 13), and field
operationaltests(Chap.14).
(cid:129) Thelastpart(PartV)isabouttheevolutionofVANETs,bothin termsoftech-
nologyimprovementsorcomplementationbyothercommunicationtechnologies
and in terms of new paradigms and applications. More in detail, here we find:
Chap. 15, about the possible evolutions of PHY and MAC layers and about
complementary solutions, excluded Long-Term Evolution (LTE), to which is
devotedanentirechapter(Chap.16);Chap.17isabouttheemergingparadigmof
information-centricnetworkingtodisseminatecontentsinVANETs,and,finally,
Chap.18looksintosomepossiblefuturevehicularapplications.
viii Preface
Inwishingacomfortablereading,forthosewhoarenotfamiliarwiththetopic,
we wouldlike to leave some impressionsandto motivatethe reading,sharingour
passioninVANETsbyintentionallyinstillingsomeconundrumswhoseanswerscan
befoundinthebook.
(cid:129) Can you imagine how challenging it may be to set up wireless distributed
communicationsinhighmobileoutdoorenvironments?
(cid:129) What are the main issues related to the outdoor environment and to the radio
propagationinurbanenvironmentsatvehicularspeed?
(cid:129) What happens if hundreds of nodes should start transmitting simultaneously?
How to prevent that too many collisions occur while guaranteeing a timely
updateofthekinematicsinformationforcooperativevehicularapplications?
(cid:129) Howwoulditbepossibletoforwardinformationinsuchadynamiccontextwith
rapidlyvaryingtopology?
(cid:129) Whatisthestate ofthe artin theimplementation,standardization,anddeploy-
mentworldwide?
(cid:129) Whicharethebestcandidatetechnologiestosupportvehicularcommunications?
Andhowtousecomplementarywirelesstechnologies?
(cid:129) WhicharethemainreferencestandardsforVANETs?
These and many more questions will be answered throughout the book. From
a scientific point of view, the field was very fascinating, challenging,and open to
innovation:itsubtendedsomanyissuestobesolvedthatitwaslikeamotherlode
inaresearcher’sperspective.
And we can hardly imagine what future will be possible when VANETs’
penetrationwillbeextendedtoallthecars(eventoautonomouslydrivenones)but
alsotobikers,cyclists,andpedestrians.Itisnotsciencefiction;ratheritisaprocess
whichisalreadystarted.
We really hope that this book may help a little bit and acquaint new followers
withthetopic.
***
The preface has come to its end and we can eventually state our acknowledg-
ments:
(cid:129) Thefirstthanksareforourfamilies.Wehavestolenmanyeveningsandweekends
toachieveourgoal.Wedonotdarepromisethatitwasthelasttime;-)
(cid:129) OureditorialcontactsinSpringer,RebeccaR.Hytowitz,MaryJames,andBrett
Kurzman, who have supported us with prompt and professional advices and
carefullyfollowedtheformationofthisbook.
(cid:129) Thenwewanttomentionthecoauthors.Theyareasdiversifiedasthehumankind
is,andtheircharactershaveemergedjustthroughtheirwayofworking:eachof
them has delivered, in our view, a precious artifact which returns part of their
knowledge, filtered by their experience—this indeed what we appreciated the
most.
Preface ix
(cid:129) WewishalsotothankIEEE,ISO,andETSIfortheirworkandtheirdocuments
whichwerenecessarilyacontinuousreferenceforus.
(cid:129) Lastbutnotleast,thereader.Thanksforyourtrustinourwork.Shouldyouhave
anyideaonhowtoenrichandimproveourfutureeditions,pleasejustcontactus.
Wewishyouapleasantreading.
ReggioCalabria,Italy ClaudiaCampolo
ReggioCalabria,Italy AntonellaMolinaro
Torino,Italy RiccardoScopigno