Vascular Imaging by Color Doppler and Magnetic Resonance

342 Pages·1991·15.98 MB·English

by  L. Pinheiro (auth.)

P. Lanzer A.P. Yoganathan (Eds.)
Vascular Imaging
by Color Doppler
and Magnetic Resonance
With 222 Figures, Some in Color and 7 Tables
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
Budapest
Dr. med. Peter Lanzer
Abteilung fUr Radiologie
Universitatsklinikum Rudolf Virchow
Standort Charlottenburg
Spandauer Damm 130
W-1000 Berlin 19, FRG
Prof. Dr. Ajit P. Yoganathan
Cardiovascular Fluid Dynamics Lab.,
School of Chemical Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA 30322-0100, USA
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76196-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76194-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-76194-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
Vascular imaging by color doppler and magnetic resonance / P. Lanzer, A. P. Yoganathan,
(eds). p. em. ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76196-6
1. Blood-vessels-Ultrasonic imaging. 2. Blood-vessels-Magnetic resonance imaging. 3. Blood
flow-Measurement. 1. Lanzer, P. (Peter), 1950- . II. Yoganathan, A. P. (Ajit P.),
1951- . [DNLM: 1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-methods. 2. Vascular Diseases-diag
nosis. 3. Echocardiography, Doppler-methods. WG500 V3318j RC691.6.N65V35 1991
616.1'307543-dc20 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 91-5153 CIP
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Foreword
Vascular diagnostics traditionally rely on x-ray angiography. This approach
remains even today essential in the clinical work-up of patients with vascular
pathology. Recently, however, newer imaging modalities have been intro
duced to assess vascular disease. Among these the color Doppler flow and
magnetic resonance imaging appear the most promising. Due to their noninva
sive character both methods are ideally suited for screening as well as serial
follow-up of vascular patients.
The emergence of color Doppler flow and magnetic resonance vascular
imaging coincides with new concepts in vascular medicine. Today, vascular
prevention and percutaneous interventions are becoming the leading compo
nents in modern vascular care. It is in this new and exciting environment of
novel vascular concepts where the demand for reliable noninvasive vascular
imaging is becoming a high priority. Color Doppler flow and magnetic reso
nance vascular imaging are well on the way to satisfy this demand.
This textbook provides the long awaited information on vascular imaging
by color Doppler flow and magnetic resonance. The text covers the essentials
of vascular anatomy, physiology and noninvasive imaging technology before
providing a state-of-the-art review of their current clinical applications. All
chapters are written by competent scientists and clinicians in a clear, conscise
and yet thorough and exhaustive manner. The coherent and didactic composi
tion of the textbook allows the reader an easy access to the elementary as well
as the advanced principals and clinical applications of the modern noninvasive
vascular imaging.
The textbook signals an exciting era in noninvasive vascular diagnostics and
I hope that it will become a valuable companion to all of us concerned with
better vascular care.
Professor Dr. med. ROLAND FELIX
Berlin
Introduction
Doppler ultrasound, in particular color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI), and
magnetic resonance vascular imaging (MRV I) have opened powerful windows
into viewing blood flow in the cardiovascular system. These non-invasive
techniques provide not only an excellent definition of the vascular morphology
but also a fundamental diagnostic hemodynamic information. CDFI and
MRV I are already today reducing the need for invasive techniques, such as
noncoronary ateriography. Furthermore, they provide for the first time non
invasive tools for serial monitoring of vascular disease and related therapeutic
interventions.
However, despite of the impressive clinical results both CDFI and MRVI
are still very much in their infancy with a full clinical potential not yet realized.
Both modalities suffer at present from the inability to deal accurately with
complex and turbulent blood flow fields. Improved hardware and better pre
and postprocessing techniques of the Doppler and MRV I signals will be re
quired to allow a consistent visualization and quantitation of regional hemo
dynamics. With reaching maturity during the next decade, the clinical applica
tions of both imaging modalities will grow and the emphasis will shift from
qualitative data analysis to quantitative clinical decision making.
This textbook, the first of its kind, has been written for physicians and other
professionals with primary interest in vascular disease and its diagnostics. To
them it provides a comprehensive and yet easily accessible information on
color Doppler flow and magnetic resonance imaging of the vascular system.
The text is divided into five parts and thirteen chapters providing a quick
reference to the specialists as well as a systematic lecture to the beginner. Part I
reviews the basics of vascular anatomy and blood flow physiology applicable
to non-invasive vascular imaging. Parts II and III are devoted to the principles
of color Doppler flow and magnetic resonance imaging technology, respective
ly. Since the primary objective of both non-invasive methods is to image and
quantitate blood flow in the vascular system, reading, rereading and under
standing these basic chapters is essential if the reader is to utilize the full
potential of CDFI and MRVI either in the clinical and/or research setting.
Parts IV and V review the current state-of-the-art clinical applications of
CDFI and MRVI methods.
We hope that the textbook will prove a helpful guide to all vascular profes
sionals establishing a common ground and a future tradition to the modern
VIn Introduction
noninvasive imaging vascular diagnostics. We wish to thank to the staff of
Springer Verlag in Heidelberg, in particular to Dr. Wieczorek and Ms.
Wilbertz, for making this project possible.
P. LANZER A. YOGA NATHAN
Berlin Atlanta
Contents
Part I
Chapter 1
Vascular Anatomy
L. PINHEIRO 3
Chapter 2
Hemodynamics
X. P. LEFEBVRE, E. M. PEDERSEN, J. 0. HJORTDAL,
and A. P. YOGANATHAN .......... . 51
Part II
Chapter 3
Basics of Color Doppler Imaging
E.G. CAPE, H.-W SUNG, and A.P. YOGANATHAN 73
Chapter 4
Color Doppler Instrumentation
S. H. MASLAK and J. G. FREUND 87
Part III
Chapter 5
Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
N.M. HYLTON and L.E. CROOKS ................ 127
Chapter 6
Basics of MR Angiography
D. E. BOHNING ........................ 156
X Contents
Chapter 7
Phase-sensitive Angiography
So Po SOUZA and C. L. DUMOULIN 178
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chapter 8
Three-dimensional Inflow MR Angiography
Go LAUB 195
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Part IV
Chapter 9
Color Doppler Flow Imaging of the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries
W STEINKE and Mo HENNERICI 211
o
Chapter 10
Color Doppler Imaging of Abdominal Vessels
Ko HAAG and Po LANZER 241
o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chapter 11
Color Doppler Flow Imaging of the Peripheral Vascular System
Go L. MONETA, J. CASTER, Co CUMMINGS, and J. Mo PORTER 266
o 0 0
Part V
Chapter 12
Magnetic Resonance Arteriography: Initial Clinical Results
Po LANZER 285
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chapter 13
Quantitative In Vivo Blood Flow Measurements with Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
SoE. MAIER and Po BOESIGER 310
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Subject Index 333
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
List of Contributors
BOESIGER, PETER
Institut fUr Biomedizinische Technik und Medizinische Informatik,
MR-Zentrum, Universitatsspital, RamistraJ3e 100, CH-8091 Zurich
BOHNING, DARYL E.
Philips Medical Systems North America, 710 Bridgeport Ave., Shelton,
CT 06484, USA
CAPE, EDWARD G.
Cardiovascular Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineer
ing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA
CASTER, JOHN
Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Oregon Health
Sciences University and the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Portland, OR 97201, USA
CROOKS, LAWRENCE E.
Radiologic Imaging Laboratory, University of California,
400 Grandview Drive, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
CUMMINGS, C.
Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery,
Oregon Health Sciences University and the Portland Veterans Affairs
Medical Center, Portland, OR 97201, USA
DUMOULIN, C. L.
General Electric Corporate Research and Development,
Magnetic Resonance Unit, P.O. Box 8, Schenectady, NY 12301, USA
FREUND, JOHN G.
Acuson Corporation, Mountain View, CA 94039, USA
HAAG, K.
Gastroenterologische Abteilung, Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum der Albert
Ludwigs-Universitat, Hugstetter StraJ3e 55, 7800 Freiburg i. Br., FRG
HENNERICI, MICHAEL
Neurologische Klinik der Universitat Heidelberg, Klinikum Mannheim,
Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer, 6800 Mannheim, FRG
XII List of Contributors
HJORTDAL, JESPER 0.
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital,
Skejby Sygehus, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark and Institute of Experimental
Clinic Research, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
HYLTON, NOLA M.
Radiologic Imaging Laboratory, University of California,
400 Grandview Drive, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
LANZER, PETER
Abteilung fUr Radiologie, UniversiHitsklinikum Rudolf Virchow,
Standort Charlottenburg, Spandauer Damm 130, W-1000 Berlin 19, FRG
LAUB, GERHARD
Siemens AG, HenkestraBe 127, 8520 Erlangen, FRG
LEFEBVRE, XAVIER P.
Cardiovascular Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineer
ing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA
MAIER, STEPHAN E.
Institut fUr Biomedizinische Technik und Medizinische Informatik,
MR-Zentrum, Universitatsspital, RamistraBe 100, CH-8091 Zurich
MASLAK, SAMUEL H.
Acuson Corporation, Mountain View, CA 94039, USA
MONETA, GREGORY L.
Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Oregon Health
Sciences University and the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Portland, OR 97201, USA
PEDERSEN, ERIK M.
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital,
Skejby Sygehus, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark and Institute of Experimental
Clinic Research, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
PINHEIRO, LUIZ
2932-A Columbiana Ct, Birmingham, AL 35216, U.S.A.
PORTER, JOHN M.
Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Oregon Health
Sciences University and the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Portland, OR 97201, USA
SOUSA, S. P.
General Electric Corporate Research and Development,
Magnetic Resonance Unit, P.O. Box 8, Schenectady, NY 12301, USA
STEINKE, WOLFGANG
Neurological Institute New York, Columbia Presbyterian Hospital,
710 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA