Vaccination Strategies Against Highly Variable Pathogens PDF
Preview Vaccination Strategies Against Highly Variable Pathogens
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology Lars Hangartner Dennis R. Burton Editors Vaccination Strategies Against Highly Variable Pathogens Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology Volume 428 Series Editors Rafi Ahmed School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Shizuo Akira Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan Klaus Aktories Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Arturo Casadevall W.HarryFeinstoneDepartmentofMolecularMicrobiology&Immunology,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA Richard W. Compans Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Jorge E. Galan Boyer Ctr. for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Adolfo Garcia-Sastre DepartmentofMicrobiology,IcahnSchoolofMedicineatMountSinai,NewYork, NY, USA Bernard Malissen Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France Rino Rappuoli GSK Vaccines, Siena, Italy The review series Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology provides a synthesis of the latest research findings in the areas of molecular immunology, bacteriologyandvirology.Eachtimelyvolumecontainsawealthofinformationon thefeaturedsubject.Thisreviewseriesisdesignedtoprovideaccesstoup-to-date, often previously unpublished information. 2019 Impact Factor: 3.095., 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.895 2019 Eigenfaktor Score: 0.00081, Article Influence Score: 1.363 2019 Cite Score: 6.0, SNIP: 1.023, h5-Index: 43 More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/82 Lars Hangartner Dennis R. Burton (cid:129) Editors Vaccination Strategies Against Highly Variable Pathogens Responsible Series Editor: Peter K. Vogt 123 Editors LarsHangartner DennisR. Burton Department ofImmunology Department ofImmunology andMicrobiology andMicrobiology TheScripps Research Institute TheScripps Research Institute LaJolla, CA,USA LaJolla, CA,USA ISSN 0070-217X ISSN 2196-9965 (electronic) CurrentTopics inMicrobiology andImmunology ISBN978-3-030-58003-2 ISBN978-3-030-58004-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58004-9 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Recent emergence of various viral diseases clearly demonstrates that vaccine development is more important than ever. Classical vaccine approaches involving administration of inactivated pathogens, or live pathogens that have been attenu- ated, have been very successful in curbing or even eradicating viral diseases that show limited antigenic variability. However, these classical approaches have been unsuccessful when employed to elicit protective immunity against highly anti- genicallyvariablepathogens,suchasHIVorinfluenzavirus,orpathogensthatexist in multiple serotypes. In this book, we illustrate how modern vaccine approaches aim to cope with this variability, as research efforts have focused on identification of protective antibody epitopes that are shared between different serotypes, or that arelessvariablebecausetheyaredirectlyinvolvedincrucialinfectionprocessesfor the pathogen. Great strives have been made to overcome the many obstacles in directing the immune response toward shared or conserved epitopes lays, and protein engi- neeringhasenabledexpressionofvarioussurfaceantigenssuchthattheyaccurately representtheantigenicstructureofthepathogens.Forviralantigensinvolvedincell entry, this has proven to be particularly difficult as these proteins are typically present in a ‘spring-loaded’ metastable state on infectious virions. Following trig- gering, the enthalpy contained in this metastable state is used to power the con- formational changes that ultimately lead to entry into the host cell and that leaves the protein in this energetically preferred, post-fusion state. It is therefore not surprising that when recombinantly expressed as soluble proteins, many viral sur- faceantigensendupinthepost-fusionconfiguration.ForHIVenvelope,ittook30 yearsofresearchtoidentifystabilizingmutationsthatsuccessfullylocktheprotein inthepre-fusionstateandthatallowedexpressionofsolubletrimersthataccurately mimictheantigenicstructureofthevirion.However,despitethesesuccesses,ithas become apparent that shared epitopes are typically very poorly immunogenic and will require intensive research to develop vaccination strategies, and adjuvants, to allow for reproducible induction of antibodies against conserved epitopes. v vi Preface While all these efforts are yet to yield vaccines in the clinic, we have gained a better understanding of antigen design, immunodominance, analysis of antibody responses and vaccine formulations, and the toolset developed for highly anti- genically variable viruses has become an essential weapon in our fight against emerging viruses where time is of the essence. La Jolla, USA Lars Hangartner Dennis R. Burton Contents Successful Vaccines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Ian J. Amanna and Mark K. Slifka Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to Highly Antigenically Variable Viruses as Templates for Vaccine Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Matthias G. Pauthner and Lars Hangartner Immunogenicity and Immunodominance in Antibody Responses . . . . . . 89 Monique Vogel and Martin F. Bachmann Adjuvants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Darrick Carter, Malcolm S. Duthie and Steven G. Reed Targeting Glycans on Human Pathogens for Vaccine Design. . . . . . . . . 129 Stefanie A. Krumm and Katie J. Doores B Cells Carrying Antigen Receptors Against Microbes as Tools for Vaccine Discovery and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Deepika Bhullar and David Nemazee vii Successful Vaccines Ian J. Amanna and Mark K. Slifka Contents 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 2 2 SuccessesandFailuresofLive,AttenuatedVaccines........................................................ 4 2.1 Measles,Mumps,Rubella.......................................................................................... 4 2.2 RotavirusandPoliovirus............................................................................................ 5 3 SuccessesandFailuresofNon-replicating/InactivatedVaccines....................................... 5 3.1 HepatitisA.................................................................................................................. 6 3.2 HumanPapillomaVirus............................................................................................. 7 3.3 InactivatedMeaslesandRespiratorySyncytialVirusVaccines............................... 8 4 SuccessesandFailuresofSubunitVaccines...................................................................... 9 4.1 TetanusandDiphtheria.............................................................................................. 10 4.2 HaemophilusInfluenzaTypeB.................................................................................. 11 4.3 Bordetellapertussis..................................................................................................... 12 5 PartiallySuccessfulVaccines.............................................................................................. 14 5.1 DengueVirus.............................................................................................................. 15 5.2 VaricellaZosterVirus(Live,Attenuated)................................................................. 17 5.3 Plasmodium................................................................................................................ 18 5.4 HumanImmunodeficiencyVirus............................................................................... 20 6 FutureVaccinesforChallengingPathogens....................................................................... 20 References.................................................................................................................................. 21 Abstract Vaccines are considered one of the most important advances in modern medicine and have greatly improved our quality of life by reducing or eliminating manyseriousinfectiousdiseases.Successfulvaccineshavebeendevelopedagainst manyofthemostcommonhumanpathogens,andthissuccesshasnotbeendepen- dentuponanyonespecificclassofvaccinesincesubunitvaccines,non-replicating whole-virus or whole-bacteria vaccines, and attenuated live vaccines have all been I.J.Amanna NajítTechnologies,Inc,Beaverton,OR97006,USA e-mail:[email protected] M.K.Slifka(&) OregonNationalPrimateResearchCenter,OregonHealth &ScienceUniversity,Beaverton,OR97006,USA e-mail:[email protected] CurrentTopicsinMicrobiologyandImmunology(2020)428:1–30 https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2018_102 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018 PublishedOnline:26July2018 2 I.J.AmannaandM.K.Slifka effective for particular vaccine targets. After completing the initial immunization series, one common aspect of successful vaccines is that they induce long-term protective immunity. In contrast, several partially successful vaccines appear to induceprotectionthatisrelativelyshort-livedanditislikelythatlong-termprotective immunitywillbecriticalformakingeffectivevaccinesagainstourmostchallenging diseasessuchasAIDSandmalaria. 1 Introduction The effect of vaccines on public health is truly remarkable. One study examining the impact of childhood vaccination on the 2001 US birth cohort found that vac- cines prevented 33,000 deaths and 14 million cases of disease (Zhou et al. 2005). Among 73 nations supported by the GAVI Alliance, mathematical models project thatvaccineswillprevent23.3milliondeathsfrom2011to2020comparedtowhat wouldhaveoccurrediftherewerenovaccinesavailable(Leeetal.2013).Vaccines have been developed against a wide assortment of human pathogens (Table 1). There are vaccines against bacterial toxins (e.g., tetanus and diphtheria toxins), acute viral pathogens (e.g., measles, mumps, rubella), latent or chronic viral pathogens (e.g., varicella zoster virus [VZV] and human papilloma virus [HPV], respectively), respiratory pathogens (e.g., influenza, Bordetella pertussis), and enteric pathogens (e.g., poliovirus, Salmonella typhi). Most licensed vaccines can Table1 Examplesoflicensedvaccines Live,attenuatedvaccines Adenovirustypes4and7 Denguevirusa Influenzavirusb Measlesvirus Mumpsvirus Mycobacteriumtuberculosis Poliovirusc Rotavirus Rubellavirus Salmonellatyphi(typhoidfever) Varicellazostervirus(chickenpoxandshingles) Variolavirus(smallpox) Yellowfevervirus Non-replicatingmicrobialparticlevaccines Bordetellapertussis(whoopingcough)d HepatitisAvirus (continued)
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