Table Of ContentMacmillan Computer Science Series
Consulting Editor
Professor F. H. Sumner, University of Manchester
S. T. Allworth and R.N. Zobel, Introduction to Real-time Software Design, second edition
Ian 0. Angell and Gareth Griffith, High-resolution Computer Graphics Using FORTRAN 77
Ian 0. Angell and Gareth Griffith, High-resolution Computer Graphics Using Pascal
M. Azmoodeh, Abstract Data Types and Algorithms
C. Bamford and P. Curran, Data Structures, Files and Databases
Philip Barker, Author Languages for CAL
A. N. Barrett and A. L. Mackay, Spatial Structure and the Microcomputer
R. E. Berry, B. A. E. Meekings and M.D. Soren, A Book on C, second edition
G. M. Birtwistle, Discrete Event Modelling on Simula
B. G. Blundell, C. N. Daskalakis, N. A. E. Heyes and T. P. Hopkins, An Introductory
Guide to Silvar Lisco and HILO Simulators
B. G. Blundell and C. N. Daskalakis, Using and Administering an Apollo Network
T. B. Boffey, Graph Theory in Operations Research
Richard Bornat, Understanding and Writing Compilers
Linda E. M. Brackenbury, Design of VLSI Systems-A Practical Introduction
J. K. Buckle, Software Configuration Management
W. D. Burnham and A. R. Hall, Prolog Programming and Applications
J. C. Cluley, Interf. . cing to Microprocessors
J. C. Cluley, Introduction to Low Level Programming for Microprocessors
Robert Cole, Computer Communications, second edition
Derek Coleman, A Structured Programming Approach to Data
Andrew J. T. Colin, Fundamentals of Computer Science
Andrew J. T. Colin, Programming and Problem-solving in Algol 68
S. M. Deen, Fundamentals of Data Base Systems
S. M. Deen, Principles and Practice of Database Systems
Tim Denvir, Introduction to Discrete Mathematics for Software Engineering
P. M. Dew and K. R. James, Introduction to Numerical Computation in Pascal
M. R. M. Dunsmuir and G. J. Davies, Programming the UNIX System
D. England eta/., A Sun User's Guide
K. C. E. Gee, Introduction to Local Area Computer Networks
J. B. Gosling, Design of Arithmetic Units for Digital Computers
M.G. Hartley, M. Healey and P. G. Depledge, Mini and Microcomputer Systems
Roger Hurty, Z80 Assembly Language Programming for Students
Roland N. Ibbett, The Architecture of High Performance Computers
Patrick Jaulent, The 68000-Hardware and Software
P. Jaulent, L. Baticle and P. Pillot, 68020--30 Microprocessors and their Coprocessors
J. M. King and J.P. Pardoe, Program Design Using ]SP-A Practical Introduction
H. Kopetz, Software Reliability
E. V. Krishnamutthy, Introductory Theory of Computer Science
V. P. Lane, Security of Computer Based Information Systems
Graham Lee, From Hardware to Software - an introduction to computers
A. M. Lister and R. D. Eager, Fundamentals of Operating Systems, fourth edition
Thomas Manns and Michael Coleman, Software Quality Assurance
G. P. McKeown and V. J. Rayward-Smith, Mathematics for Computing
Brian Meek, Fortran, PL/1 and the A/gals
A. Mevel and T. Gueguen, Smallta/k-80
Barry Morrell and Peter Whittle, CP/M 80 Programmer's Guide
Derrick Morris, System Programming Based on the PDPJJ
Y. Nishinuma and R. Espesser, UNIX-First contact
Pim Oets, MS-DOS and PC-DOS-A Practical Guide
Christian Queinnec, LISP
E. J. Redfern, Introduction to Pascal for Computational Mathematics
(continued overlea(J
Gordon Reece, Microcomputer Modelling by Finite Differences
W. P. Salman, 0. Tisserand and B. Toulout, FORTH
L. E. Scales, Introduction to Non-linear Optimization
Peter S. Sell, Expert Systems -A Practical Introduction
A. G. Sutcliffe, Human-Computer Interface Design
Colin J. Theaker and Graham R. Brookes, A Practical Course on Operating Systems
M. R. Tolhurst et al., Open Systems Interconnection
J-M. Trio, 8086-8088 Architecture and Programming
M. J. Usher, Information Theory for Information Technologists
B.S. Walker, Understanding Microprocessors
Peter J. L. Wallis, Portable Programming
Colin Walls, Programming Dedicated Microprocessors
I. R. Wilson and A.M. Addyman, A Practical Introduction to Pascal-with BS6192,
second edition
Non-series
Roy Anderson, Management, Information Systems and Computers
I. 0. Angell, Advanced Graphics with the IBM Personal Computer
J. E. Bingham and G. W. P. Davies, A Handbook of Systems Analysis, second edition
J. E. Bingham and G. W. P. Davies, Planning for Data Communications
B. V. Cordingley and D. Chamund, Advanced BASIC Scientific Subroutines
N. Frude, A Guide to SPSS/PC+
Using and Administering
an Apollo Network
Damian Anderson
Bary Blundell (Joint Editor)
Steve Boniwell
Glenn Brennan
Costas Daskalakis (Joint Editor)
Bob Henson
Nick Heyes
John Howarth
Barry Blundell, Costas Daskalakis and Nick Heyes are with the
University of Manchester
Damian Anderson is with Harsant and Steward, Chester
Glenn Brennan and Steve Boniwell are with the Technical Support
Group, Apollo, Milton Keynes
John Howarth is the Technical Support Manager, Apollo,
Manchester
Bob Henson is the Strategic Accounts Manager, Apollo, Bracknell
M
MACMILLAN
EDUCATION
© B. G. Blundell and C. N. Daskalakis 1988
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission
of this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied
or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance
with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended),
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place,
London WC1E 7DP.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to
this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and
civil claims for damages.
First published 1988
Published by
MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
Unix is a registered trademark of AT&T Information Systems Inc.
Domain, Domain/IX, Aegis, Dialogue, NCS, GMR, GPR, GSR are
registered trademarks of Apollo Computer Inc.
VAX, MICROVAX, Ultrix, VMS are registered trademarks of Digital
Equipment Corporation.
Postscript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Inc.
MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
Ethernet is a registered trademark of Xerox Corporation.
IBM PC, IBM PC/AT are registered trademarks of International Business
Machines Corporation.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Using and administering an Apollo network.-
(Macmillan computer science series).
1. Computer systems. Networks. Apollo
I. Blundell, B. G. (Barry G.)
II. Daskalakis, C. N. (Costas N.)
004.6
ISBN 978-0-333-46804-3 ISBN 978-1-349-10308-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-10308-9
To
Maureen, Wilfred and Brian Blundell
Marouso Daskalaki
Mr and Mrs Anderson
Tracey Boniwell
Myrna Howarth
Tom and Francis Heyes
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxi
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Apollo Workstations 1
1.1 HISTORICAL NOTE 1
1.2 PROCESSING POWER 2
1. 3 GRAPHICS 3
1.4 USER INTERFACE 3
1.5 THE NETWORK 4
1. 5.1 The Bus Structure 4
1. 5. 2 The Ring Structure 5
1.6 OPERATING SYSTEMS 5
1. 6.1 The Apollo Domain System 5
1.6.2 UNIX 6
1. 7 NETWORKING AND UNIX 6
1.7.1 AT&T's Remote File System 6
1.7.2 Sun's Network File System 7
1.7.3 Apollo's 'Domain File System' 7
1.8 NON-UNIX ENVIRONMENTS 8
CHAPTER TWO: Getting Started 10
2.1 INTRODUCTION 10
2 .1. 1 Concerning the Syntax in this Book 10
2.2 FILES AND DIRECTORIES 11
2.3 TUTORIAL: GETTING STARTED 13
2. 3. 1 Introduction 13
2. 3. 2 The Tutorial 13
2.4 CREATING AND EDITING TEXT FILES 17
2. 4. 1 Introduction 17
2. 4. 2 File Access Keys 17
2. 4. 3 Text Manipulation Keys 18
2.4.4 A Tutorial: Using the Apollo Editor 19
viii Using and Administering an Apollo Network
2.5 SHELL AND DISPLAY MANAGER COMMANDS 21
(in brief)
2.6 TUTORIAL: THE LIST DIRECTORY COMMANDS 22
2.7 CONCERNING DIRECTORIES 23
2.7.1 Introduction 23
2.7.2 A Tutorial 23
2.8 THE NAMING DIRECTORY AND THE COMMAND 25
SEARCH RULES
2.9 MORE SPECIAL PURPOSE KEYS 27
CHAPTER THREE: Commands and Processes 31
3.1 INTRODUCTION 31
3.2 SHELL COMMANDS 31
3.2.1 Introduction 31
3.2.2 The Commands 32
3.2.3 Redirection of Input and Output 37
3.2.4 Pipes and Filters 39
3.2.5 Wildcards 39
3.2.6 To Stop a Program 40
3.3 DISPLAY MANAGER COMMANDS 40
3.3.1 Introduction 40
3.3.2 The Commands 41
3.4 ACCESSING OTHER WORKSTATIONS ACROSS THE 47
NETWORK
3.4.1 Introduction 47
3.4.2 Accessing a Remote Workstation across the 47
Network
3.5 LINKS 48
3.6 PROCESSES so
3.6.1 Introduction so
3.6.2 Process 51
3.6.3 A Background Process 52
3.6.4 Server Processes 52
3.6.5 Remote Processes 52
3.6.6 Stopping a Process 53
3.7 SOME SERVER PROCESSES 54
3.7.1 Introduction 54
3.7.2 The Mailbox Server 54
3.7.3 The Server Process Manager 54
3.7.4 The Alarm Server 55
3.8 CHANGING PASSWORDS AND HOME DIRECTORIES 56
3.8.1 Changing Your Password 57
Contents ix
3.8.2 Changing Your Home Directory 57
REFERENCES 57
CHAPTER FOUR: Concerning Aegis 58
4.1 INTRODUCTION 58
4.2 TUTORIAL: A TOUR THROUGH SOME AEGIS 58
DIRECTORIES
4.3 THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE SYSTEM AT STARTUP 64
AND LOG-IN
4.3.1 The Events Occurring at Startup 64
4.3.1.1 Booting of a disked node (in 'normal' mode) 65
4.3.1.2 Booting of a diskless node (in 'normal' 65
mode)
4.3.1.3 The actions of Aegis when it begins 67
execution
4.4 THE EVENTS OCCURRING AT LOG-IN 69
4.4.1 Log-In Files 71
4.5 THE EFFECT OF THE 'SERVICE MODE' SWITCH 72
UPON STARTUP
4. 5 .1 Introduction 72
4.5.2 Manual Startup (Service Mode Switch Set to 73
'Service')
4.6 TURNING OFF A WORKSTATION 74
CHAPTER FIVE: Software Development on Apollo 76
Workstations
5.1 INTRODUCTION 76
5.2 INTRODUCTION TO SHELL SCRIPTS 76
5.2.1 A Note on Shell Script Syntax 77
5.2.2 A Simple Shell Script Example 77
5. 2. 3 Printing to the Screen 77
5. 2.4 Mathematical and Logical Operators 78
5.2.5. Variables within Shell Scripts 78
5.2.6 Passing Parameters to Shell Scripts 81
5. 2. 7 Active Functions 82
5. 2. 8 Conditional Statements 82
5.2.8.1 The 'if' statement 82
5.2.8.2 The 'while' statement 84
5.2.8.3 The 'for' statement 85
5.2.8.4 The 'select' statement 86
Using and Administering an Apollo Network
X
5.3 COMPILING AND BINDING PROGRAMS ON 88
APOLLO WORKSTATIONS
5. 3. 1 Introduction 8 8
5.3.2 Tutorial: The Pascal Compiler 89
5.3.3 Programming in Fortran and C 91
5.3.4 Using the Binder Utility 92
5.3.5 Tutorial: Executing Programs Which Contain 93
Graphics Calls
5.3.6 Programming Using System Calls 94
5.3.6.1 Tutorial: programming using system calls 95
5.3.7 Compiler Switches 96
5.3.8 Debug 97
REFERENCES 99
CHAPTER SIX: Domain/IX - Getting Started 100
6.1 INTRODUCTION 100
6.2 CONFIGURING A WORKSTATION TO RUN UNIX 100
6.3 DOMAIN/IX SHELLS 101
6. 3.1 Creating UNIX Shells 10 1
6. 3 .1.1 Invoking a UNIX shell from another shell 10 1
6.3.1.2 Creating UNIX shells using the display 103
manager
6.3.2 Differences between UNIX and Aegis Shells 103
6.3.2.1 Command names and functions 103
6.3.2.2 Command search rules 103
6.3.2.3 Execution of shell scripts 105
6.3.2.4 Wildcards 106
6.4 OPENING A UNIX SHELL AT LOG-IN 106
6.4.1 A Default UNIX Shell for All Users of a 106
Workstation
6.4.2 A Default UNIX Shell for a Single User of a 107
Workstation
6.5 DEFINING THE KEYBOARD FOR UNIX 107
CHAPTER SEVEN: System Administration (Aegis) 109
7.1 INTRODUCTION 109
7.2 BACKING UP FILES AND DIRECTORIES 110
7.2.1 WBAK 110
7.2.2 RBAK 111
7.2.3 Storage Devices 112
7.2.4 Creating a Remote Process for Backup 113
