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USERCOSTCUSTOMIZATIONFORA FLORIDABRIDGEMANAGEMENTSYSTEM By ROBERTOSOARES ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 1999 Dedication,to mywife, Consuelo, and mythreechildren, Roberto, Alessandro and Andrea. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IamextremelygratefultoDr.Najafithechairmanofmycommitteewhohas givenmehiscontinuoussupport,guidance,andencouragementthroughoutmycareerat theUniversityofFlorida.TheproposaloftheBridgeManagementSystemtoFlorida DepartmentofTransportationwasoriginallyinitiatedbyDr.Najafiwhichhasprovided mewithanopportunityto conductthisdissertationwork.IamalsogratefultoDr. Thompsonforhisguidanceandconstantsupportthroughoutmycareeratthe University ofFlorida.Asincereandwholeheartedappreciationisextendedtomycommittee membersDr.Shrestha,Dr.Glagola,andDr.Fotifortheirwiseguidanceintheworkof thisdissertation. IextendappreciationtotheNationalHighwayInstitute(NHI)forselectingmeas the1998recipientoftheEisenhowerFellowshipGrant,fortheir fellowshipduringmy research. IofferspecialthankstoalllibrarypersonnelattheUniversityofFlorida,atthe DepartmentofTransportationinWashington,DC, andattheAmericanTruck AssociationinVirginia, andtothepersonnelwhohelpedmelocatespecificmaterial duringmyresearch. Withallmyheart,Igiveveryspecialthanksforthesupportreceivedfrommy family;and,aboveall,IthankGodforprovidingmeprotectionandcare. in TABLEOFCONTENTS page LISTOFTABLES vii LISTOFFIGURES ix ABSTRACT x CHAPTERS INTRODUCTION 1 1.1.BMSDevelopment 2 1.2.WhatisBMSinPontis 6 1.3.FocussingonPontis 9 PROBLEMSTATEMENT 10 2.1Problem 10 2.2Survey 10 2.3UserCostNeed 11 2.4SurplusTheoryonUserCost 12 2.5 UserCostWeightFactor 13 2.6PontisDefaultValuesOrigin 14 2.7StatementoftheHypothesis 15 2.8Validation 16 LITERATUREREVIEW 17 3.1Accidents 18 3.2UserCosts 21 3.3EconomicEvaluation 24 3.4BMS 25 3.5RemainingRelevantEntries 26 PONTISBMSBASICCONCEPTS 27 4.1PontisDatabas 28 4.2PredictionModels 31 4.3CostModels 33 4.4 ProgramIntegrationModel 38 PONTISUSERCOSTSMATHEMATICALMODEL 41 5.1.BenefitsandUserCosts 41 5.2 FDOTDefaultValuesPolicy 42 iv 5.3UserCostModels 44 5.4BenefitofWidening 45 5.5BenefitsofRaising 47 5.6BenefitofStrengthening 47 5.7BenefitsofReplacement 48 5.8 DetourCost 50 5.9ApplicationExample 50 TRAVELTIMECOSTSFORBMS 55 6.1Background 55 6.2TheoreticalBasisforTravelTimeEvaluation 57 6.3PercentWageIndexAnalysis 59 6.4ComparingTravelTimeValues 64 6.5NonBusinessTravelTime 65 6.6BusinessTravelTime 66 6.7ValueofOneHourTravelTime 69 6.8TruckTravelTimeCostforFlorida 71 AVERAGEVEHICLEOPERATINGCOSTSFORBMS 72 7.1VOCRelatedFactors 73 7.2RunningCostsCalculationMethodology 78 7.3Variablecosts 78 7.4VOCTruckCustomization 82 7.5NewCVVValue 86 BRIDGERELATEDACCIDENTCOSTSFORFLORIDA 87 8.0Background 88 8.1BridgeAccidentCostEvaluationMethodology 88 8.2ComprehensiveFatalityandInjuryCosts 89 8.3ConversionofMAISintoABCClassification 91 8.4 FDOTCrashDataPreparation 92 8.5BridgeRelatedAccidentAverageCost 95 PONTISUSERCOSTSENSITIVITYANALYSIS 97 9.0Background 98 9.1ParametersDefinitions 99 9.2ScenariosforSimulation 100 9.3ComparingResultsFromBasis1andBasis2 105 CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS 108 10.1Conclusions 108 10.2Recommendations 109 APPENDICES PONTISOUTPUTREPORTS Ill FDOTPONTISDEFAULTVALUESPOLICY 113 EQUIPMENTANDCOMMODITYCARRIERTYPES 116 YEAR2000FEDERALHIGHWAYCOSTANDFEE RESPONSIBILITIES 118 KABCOINJURY CLASSIFICATIONDEFINITION 119 CONVERSIONOFMAISINTOABCINJURYCOSTSTABLES...121 SPREADSHEETSAMPLESOFBRIDGEACCIDENTEVALUATION VOCEVALUATIONFORCARS,VANSANDLIGHTTRUCKS ..126 REFERENCES 129 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 143 VI . LISTOFTABLES Table E3ge 1. ComparisonoftheMainAttributesBetweenPontisandBridgitBMSModels 6 2. ComparativeTypesofUserCostsinNorthCarolina,Indiana,andPontisBMS Models 8 3. AverageNumberofTrafficFatalitiesperEachWeekday--1975-1995 19 4. TravelTimeCost-DollarperHour-Base1993-MillerApproach 24 5. TravelTimeCost-DollarperHour-Base1993-ZaniewskiApproach 24 6. PontisDefinitionofBridgeElement'sEnvironment 30 7. BasicInventoryInformationforEachBridge 32 8. BasesfortheNeedandBenefitCalculationsonImprovementProjects 38 9. CostMatrix ValuesAdoptedbyFDOT 42 10. CompositeListingofUpdateTravelTimeCosts 65 11 ValueofOneHourTravelTimeforBusinessandNon-BusinessTripsby VehicleCategory 69 12. ResearchResultValueforTTC 71 13. VehicleCostsClassificationBetweenFixandVariableCosts 79 14. VariableCostsAssignedatOperatingVehicleCostStudies 80 15. EstimatedCostforFuelPerMilebyTruckCategory 84 16. FuelCostsDistributionbyEquipmentType 84 17. MaintenanceCostsforTrucks-CPM/CPK 85 18. TireCostsDescriptiveStatistics~CPMandCPK 86 19. NewVOCValueforPontisCVVDefaultValue 86 vn . 20. InjuryCostsbyInjuryType-Year1996 87 21. ComprehensiveInjuryCosts,Years1994and1996 92 22. EconomicInjuryCosts,Years1994and1996 92 23. BridgeRelatedAccidentUnitCosts,forFlorida 96 24. UserCostDefaultfromPontisandResearchResultValues 99 25. BenefitPercentChangeDuetoUserCostsPercentChangeUnderDifferent Scenarios(UsingPontisDefaultValues) 102 26. UserCostSensitivityRankingAgainst%changesinBenefit-"Basis1"- (UsingPontisDefaultValues) 103 27. UserCostSensitivityRankingAgainst%ChangesinBenefits—"Basis2"— (UsingResearchResultedDefaultValues) 104 28. BenefitPercentChangeDuetoUserCostsPercentChangeUnderDifferent Scenarios—Basis2—(UsingResearchResultedDefaultValues) 105 29. UserCostsVariabilityUndertwoDifferentCalculationBasis 106 30. Car,VansandSmallTrucksVOCValues 110 31 TravelTimeCostsforAuto,andFiveTruckTypes 110 vni . LISTOFFIGURES Figure page 1 Consumers'SurplusForOnePeriod 13 2. DataTreatmentFlowchart 27 3. OverallBMSStructure 28 5. DataFlowsinPreservationModeling 35 6. FlowChartforBMSTTCDevelopment 56 7. FlowChartforBMSVOCDevelopment 72 8. FlowChartfortheAverageAccidentCostsDevelopment 87 9. FlowChartforUserCostSensitivityAnalysis 97 IX AbstractofDissertationPresentedtotheGraduateSchool oftheUniversityofFloridainPartialFulfillmentofthe RequirementsfortheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy USERCOSTCUSTOMIZATIONFORA FLORIDABRIDGEMANAGEMENTSYSTEM By RobertoSoares August1999 Chairperson:FazilT.Najafi MajorDepartment:CivilEngineeringDepartment BridgeManagementSystems(BMS)aretoolsdevelopedtohelpdecisionmakers toprioritizeprojectsthatgivesthehighestbenefit/costratio,wherebenefitsareroaduser costbenefits.Theyareidentifiedbythesavingsachievedinnotspendingtraveltime(TT) andvehicleoperating costs(VOC)doingadetour,andreducingtheriskofbridgerelated accidents. ThestateofFloridaplus38statesadoptedtheBMSPontistomanagetheir bridgeinventory. Thehypothesisofthisdissertationisthatvaluesbenchmarkedfromotherareas arenotsuitabletoreplicatetheFloridareality.Inordertoprovethishypothesisamulti- stepmethodologywasusedincludingbridge-relatedaccidentcostusingdatafrom11,332 bridgerelatedaccidentswhichoccurredin1996,sensitivityanalyses,using524bridges under39differentscenarios,modeledbyPontis-BMSversion3.4.Theoriginalusercost defaultvaluesinPontisare:$37,600foreachbridgerelatedaccident(Ca);$0.25per kilometerforVOCcosts(Cv),and $19.34perhourfortraveltime(Ct).