Unknown Crusader Castles

460 Pages·2003·29.18 MB·English

by  Kristian Molin

UNKNOWN CRUSADER CASTLES
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Unknown Crusader Castles
Kristian Molin
Hambledon and London
New York and London
Hambledon and London
102 Gloucester Avenue
London NWI SHX (UK)
838 Broadway
New York
NY 10003-4812 (USA)
First Published 2001
ISBN i 85285 261 5
Copyright © Kristian Molin 2001
The moral right of the author has been asserted
All rights reserved.
Without limiting the rights under copyrights
reserved above, no part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior
written permission of both the copyright owner and
the above publisher of this book.
A description of this book is available from
the British Library and the Library of Congress
Typeset by Carnegie Publishing, Carnegie House
Chatsworth Road
Lancaster, LAI 4SL
Printed on acid-free paper and bound
in Great Britain by Cambridge University Press
Contents
Illustrations vii
Acknowledgements xi
Introduction xiii
I THE HOLY LAND, 1187-129!
1 Warfare 3
2 Military Architecture 13
3 Fortifications and External Security 38
4 Fortifications and Internal Security 54
5 The Offensive Functions of Fortifications 64
6 The Military Orders 79
II THE KINGDOM OF CYPRUS, 1191-1374
7 Warfare 89
8 Military Architecture 95
9 Fortifications and Internal Security 108
10 Fortifications and External Security 115
11 Fortifications, Naval Warfare and the Crusades 124
12 The Military Orders 130
III CILICIAN ARMENIA, 1187-1375
13 Warfare 137
14 Military Architecture 145
15 Fortifications and External Security 152
16 Fortifications and Internal Security 168
17 The Military Orders 175
VI UNKNOWN CRUSADER CASTLES
IV PRANKISH GREECE, 1204-1380
18 Warfare 191
19 Military Architecture 203
20 Fortifications, Naval Warfare and the Crusades 227
21 The Offensive Functions of Inland Fortifications 236
22 The Defensive Functions of Inland Fortifications 243
23 Fortifications and Internal Security 253
24 The Military Orders 262
V THE NON-MILITARY FUNCTIONS OF FORTIFICATIONS
25 Residences 271
26 Prisons 277
27 Taxation, Justice and Administration 280
28 Agriculture and Daily Life 283
29 Trade 290
30 The Church, Pilgrims and Crusaders 295
31 Conclusion 299
Abbreviations 308
Notes 309
Bibliography 389
Index 4os
Illustrations
Maps
1 The eastern Mediterranean xv
2 The Holy Land 5
3 Cyprus 92
4 Cilician Armenia 139
5 The Aegean 195
Figures
1 Crac des Chevaliers (from W. Muller-Wiener, Castles of the
Crusaders, trans. J. Brownjohn (London, 1966), p. 61) 15
2 'Atlit (from D. Pringle, Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom
of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer (Cambridge, 1997), p. 22) 17
3 Ascalon (from Pringle, Gazetteer, p. 21) 21
4 Acre (from Muller-Wiener, Castles of the Crusaders, p. 73) 25
5 Caesarea (from Pringle, Gazetteer, p. 44) 27
6 Goliath (from P. Deschamps, Chateaux des croisés en Terre Sainte,
vol. 3, La Defense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté
D'Antioche (Paris, 1973), p. 311) 29
7 Chastel Rouge (from Muller-Wiener, Castles of the Crusaders,
p. 52) 30
8 Kyrenia (from C. Enlart, Gothic Art and the Renaissance in
Cyprus, trans, and ed. D. Hunt (London, 1987), p. 423) 97
9 St Hilarion (from Enlart, Gothic Art, plan VII) 99
10 Kantara (from Enlart, Gothic Art, p. 470) 101
11 Servantikar (after Robert W. Edwards, The Fortifications of
Armenian Cilicia (Washington, DC, 1987), p. 215) 146
VIII UNKNOWN CRUSADER CASTLES
12 Yilan (from Muller-Wiener, Castles of the Crusaders, p. 78) 149
13 Amouda (from Edwards, Fortifications, p. 58) 177
14 Baghras (from Muller-Wiener, Castles of the Crusaders, p. 49) 184
15 Mistra (from A. Bon, La Morée franque: recherches historiques,
topographiques et archéologiques sur la prindpauté d'Achaïe,
1204-1430 (Paris, 1969), plate 142) 205
16 Patras (from Bon, La Morée franque, p. 671) 209
17 Chlemoutsi (from Muller-Wiener, Castles of the Crusaders, p. 83) 213
18 Karytaina (from Bon, La Morée franque, plate 66) 216
19 Haliartos (from P. Lock, 'The Prankish Towers of Central Greece',
ABSA, 81 (1986), pp. 101-23, at p. 114). Reproduced with
permission of the British School at Athens. 220
20 Domestic hall at Montfort (from Pringle, Gazetteer, p. 74) 274
21 Margat toll station (from Deschamps, La defense du comté de
Tripoli, p. 285) 293
Plates
1 Chastel Blanc: the keep (Jonathan Phillips)
2 Antioch: the city walls and the citadel (Denys Pringle)
3 Caesarea: the city walls built by Louis IX (Denys Pringle}
4 Sidon: the sea castle (Denys Pringle)
5 Gibelet: the citadel (Denys Pringle)
6 Tortosa (Denys Pringle)
7 Chastel Rouge: gateway through perimeter wall into the castle
enclosure (Denys Pringle)
8 Chastel Rouge: the central keep and perimeter walls (Denys Pringle)
9 Markopoulo: a typical Latin tower in Greece (Coutauld Institute)
10 The Red Tower: a typical Latin tower in the Holy Land
(Denys Pringle)
n Qaqun: the central keep (Denys Pringle)
12 Chastel Blanc: the chapel inside the keep (Denys Pringle)
ILLUSTRATIONS IX
13 Crac des Chevaliers: the great hall (Denys Pringle)
14 Crac des Chevaliers: distant view showing the rich farmland
of the surrounding hills (Jonathan Phillips)
15 Crac des Chevaliers: the central courtyard (Jonathan Phillips)
16 Recordane: the fortified mill (Denys Pringle)
17 Recordane: general view of the mill (Denys Pringle)
18 Margat: the east double walls of the inner castle, with round keep
at the far end (Jonathan Phillips)
19 St Hilarion: general view of the castle (Courtauld Institute)
20 St Hilarion: the Byzantine defences of the lower bailey
(Denys Pringle)
21 Buffavento: the lower structures of the castle (C. Enlart)
22 Kantara: view of the castle from the south east (C. Enlart)
23 Kantara: aerial view (C. Enlart)
24 Baghras: view of the castle from the east (Courtauld Institute)
25 Silifke: the southern defences (Courtauld Institute)
26 Servantikar: the east front of the castle (R. W. Edwards)
27 Servantikar: the main entrance (R. W. Edwards)
28 Karytaina: view of the castle from the east (Courtauld Institute)
29 Arcadia from the south (Courtauld Institute)
30 Androusa: the keep (Courtauld Institute)
31 Thessaloniki: the city walls (Courtauld Institute)
32 Yuan: general view from the fortress (R. W. Edwards)
33 Corycus: view of the sea castle from the land castle (R. W. Edwards)