Universe

3013 Pages·2013·80.345 MB·English

by  Roger A. Freedman, Robert M. Geller, William J. Kaufmann III

UNIVERSE
TENTH EDITION
UNIVERSE
TENTH EDITION
Roger A. Freedman
University of California, Santa Barbara
Robert M. Geller
University of California, Santa Barbara
William J. Kaufmann III
San Diego State University
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Credit is given to the following sources for photographs:
Cover: Silhouette of couple: Zoonar/Sergey Peterm/AGE fotostock; top row (from left): Enceladus ice
geysers: Cassini Imaging Team, SSI, JPL, ESA, NASA; Helix Nebula: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of
Arizona; Sombrero Galaxy: NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Kennicutt (University of Arizona) and the SINGS
Team; planetary nebula MyCn18: Raghvendra Sahai and John Trauger (JPL), the WFPC2 science
team, and NASA; second row: Rings 747828 (NASA identifier: C-1981-4319): NASA; Big Blue
Marble: GSFC/NASA; Crab Nebula: NASA, ESA, J. Hester, A. Loll (ASU); pillar and jets (HH
901/902): NASA, ESA, M. Livio, and the Hubble 20th Anniversary Team (STScl); third row: Cat’s
Eye Nebula: NASA/UIUC/Y. Chu et al., optical: NASA/HST; solar prominence: SOHO/Extreme
Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope, ESA, NASA; The Lunar Far Side: The Side Never Seen from Earth:
NASA/Goddard; Hale Bopp: Andrew M. Sorenson; fourth row: Bug Nebula (NGC 6302): NASA,
ESA, and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team; Pillars of Creation: NASA, ESA, STScI, J. Hester and P.
Scowen (Arizona State University); Eye-Shaped Planetary Nebula (NGC 6826): Bruce Balick
(University of Washington), Jason Alexander (University of Washington), Arsen Hajian (U.S. Naval
Observatory), Yervant Terzian (Cornell University), Mario Perinotto (University of Florence, Italy),
Patrizio Patriarchi (Arcetri Observatory, Italy) and NASA; Eskimo Nebula: NASA, Andrew Fruchter
and the ERO Team, Sylvia Baggett (STScI), Richard Hook (ST-ECF), Zoltan Levay (STScI); fifth row:
Jupiter and its satellites: NASA, ESA, and E. Karkoschka (University of Arizona); Cartwheel Nebula:
NASA/JPL-Caltech; Mountains of Creation region: infrared data taken by NASA’s Spitzer Space
Telescope, NASA/JPL-Caltech/L. Allen (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA); Whirlpool Nebula (M51):
NASA/CXC, ultraviolet: NASA/JPL-Caltech, optical: NASA/ESA/STScI/AURA, infrared:
NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona.
Title Page: (from left) Cat’s Eye Nebula: NASA/UIUC/Y. Chu et al., optical: NASA/HST; solar
prominence: SOHO/Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope, ESA, NASA; The Lunar Far Side: The
Side Never Seen from Earth: NASA/Goddard; Hale Bopp: Andrew M. Sorenson; Enceladus ice
geysers: Cassini Imaging Team, SSI, JPL, ESA, NASA; Helix Nebula: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ.of
Arizona; Sombrero Galaxy: NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Kennicutt (University of Arizona) and the SINGS
Team.
Cosmic Connections: p. 16: Sun: NOAO/NASA; galaxies: Hubble Heritage Team
(STScI/AURA)/NASA; Earth: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, image by Reto Stöckli; galaxy
clusters: NOAO/NASA; Milky Way: NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Hurt (SSC); galaxy map: T. H. Jarrett, J.
Carpenter, & R. Hurt/2MASS; pp. 192–193: NASA; p. 260: Courtesy of Lunar and Planetary
Institute/USRA; p. 303: NASA; p. 341: NASA; p. 389: NASA; p. 413: A killer asteroid, from “The
Day the World Burned” by D. A. Kring and D. D. Durda, Scientific American, December 2003, art by
Chris Butler; p. 437: Sun: NOAO; Leonids: Walter Pacholka, Astropics/Science Source; p. 622:
NASA; p. 655: spiral galaxy: NASA and ESA; globular cluster: S. Kafka and K. Honeycutt, Indiana
University/WIYN/NOAO/NSF; p. 690: 1. Bob and Bill Twardy/Adam Block/NOAO/AURA/NSF; 2.
NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration; 3.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/Z. Wang (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA); p. 709: top: Accretion disks, Alfred T.
Kamajian; bottom: Accretion disk simulation, Michael Owen and John Bondin, North Carolina State
University.
To Lee Johnson Kaufmann and
Caroline Robillard-Freedman,
strong survivors
and to the memory of
PFC Richard Freedman, AUS
and S/Sgt. Ann Kazmierczak Freedman, WAC
About the Authors
Roger A. Freedman is on the faculty of the Department of Physics at the University of California,
Santa Barbara. He grew up in San Diego, California, and was an undergraduate at the University of
California campuses in San Diego and Los Angeles. He did his doctoral research in nuclear theory and
its astrophysical applications at Stanford University under the direction of Professor J. Dirk Walecka.
Dr. Freedman joined the faculty at UCSB in 1981 after three years of teaching and doing research at the
University of Washington. Dr. Freedman holds a commercial pilot’s license, and when not teaching or
writing he can frequently be found flying with his wife, Caroline. He has flown across the United States
and Canada. (Photo courtesy of Caroline J. Robillard)
Robert M. Geller teaches and conducts research in astrophysics at the University of California, Santa
Barbara, where he also obtained his Ph.D. His doctoral research was in observational cosmology under
Professor Robert Antonucci. Using data from the Hubble Space Telescope, he is currently involved in a
search for bursts of light that are predicted to occur when a supermassive black hole consumes a star.
His other project, in biomedicine, explores the use of magnetotactic bacteria to enhance the
effectiveness of radiation therapy in treating cancer. Dr. Geller also has a strong emphasis on education,
and he received the Distinguished Teaching Award at UCSB in 2003. His hobbies include rock
climbing, and he built an unusual telescope with lenses made of water. (Photo courtesy of Richard
Rouse)
William J. Kaufmann III was the author of the first four editions of Universe. Dr. Kaufmann earned
his bachelor’s degree magna cum laude in physics from Adelphi University in 1963, a master’s degree
in physics from Rutgers in 1965, and a Ph.D. in astrophysics from Indiana University in 1968. At 27,
he became the youngest director of any major planetarium in the United States when he took the helm
of the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles. During his career, he also held positions at San Diego State
University, UCLA, Caltech, and the University of Illinois. A prolific author, his many books include
Black Holes and Warped Spacetime, Relativity and Cosmology, Planets and Moons, Stars and Nebulas,
and Galaxies and Quasars. Dr. Kaufmann died in 1994.
Contents Overview
Preface
Multimedia
Acknowledgments
To the Student: How to Get the Most from Universe
I Introducing Astronomy
1 Astronomy and the Universe
Guest Essay Why Astronomy?
Sandra M. Faber
2 Knowing the Heavens
Guest Essay Why Astrology Is Not Science
James Randi
3 Eclipses and the Motion of the Moon
Guest Essay Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy
Mark Hollabaugh
4 Gravitation and the Waltz of the Planets
5 The Nature of Light
6 Optics and Telescopes
II Planets and Moons
7 Comparative Planetology I: Our Solar System
8 Comparative Planetology II: The Origin of Our Solar System
9 The Living Earth
10 Our Barren Moon
11 Mercury, Venus, and Mars: Earthlike yet Unique
Scientific American article Reading the Red Planet
John P. Grotzinger and Ashwin Vasavada
12 Jupiter and Saturn: Lords of the Planets
13 Jupiter and Saturn’s Satellites of Fire and Ice
14 Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and the Kuiper Belt: Remote Worlds
15 Vagabonds of the Solar System
Guest Essay Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
Scott Sheppard
III Stars and Stellar Evolution
16 Our Star, the Sun
17 The Nature of the Stars
18 The Birth of Stars
19 Stellar Evolution: On and After the Main Sequence
20 Stellar Evolution: The Deaths of Stars
21 Black Holes
IV Galaxies and Cosmology
22 Our Galaxy
23 Galaxies
24 Quasars and Active Galaxies
25 Cosmology: The Origin and Evolution of the Universe
Scientific American article Dark Forces at Work
David Appell
26 Exploring the Early Universe
Scientific American article Making Sense of Modern Cosmology
P. James E. Peebles
27 The Search for Extraterrestrial Life
Guest Essay A Biologist’s View of Astrobiology
Kevin W. Plaxco