Table Of ContentUnifying Themes
in Complex Systems
Volume V
Springer Complexity
Springer Complexity is a publication program, cutting across all traditional disciplines of sciences
as well as engineering, economics, medicine, psychology and computer sciences, which is aimed at
researchers, students and practitioners working in the field of complex systems. Complex Systems
are systems that comprise many interacting parts with the ability to generate a new quality of macro-
scopic collective behavior through self-organization, e.g., the spontaneous formation of temporal,
spatial or functional structures. This recognition, that the collective behavior of the whole system
cannot be simply inferred from the understanding of the behavior of the individual components,
has led to various new concepts and sophisticated tools of complexity. The main concepts and tools
- with sometimes overlapping contents and methodologies - are the theories of self-organization,
complex systems, synergetics, dynamical systems, turbulence, catastrophes, instabilities, nonlinear-
ity, stochastic processes, chaos, neural networks, cellular automata, adaptive systems, and genetic
algorithms.
The topics treated within Springer Complexity are as diverse as lasers or fluids in physics,
machine cutting phenomena of workpieces or electric circuits with feedback in engineering, growth
of crystals or pattern formation in chemistry, morphogenesis in biology, brain function in neurology,
behavior of stock exchange rates in economics, or the formation of public opinion in sociology. All
these seemingly quite different kinds of structure formation have a number of important features
and underlying structures in common. These deep structural similarities can be exploited to transfer
analytical methods and understanding from one field to another. The Springer Complexity program
therefore seeks to foster cross-fertilization between the disciplines and a dialogue between theo-
reticians and experimentalists for a deeper understanding of the general structure and behavior of
complex systems.
The program consists of individual books, books series such as "Springer Series in Synerget-
ics", "Institute of Nonlinear Science", "Physics of Neural Networks", and "Understanding Complex
Systems", as well as various journals.
New England Complex Systems Institute
President
Yaneer Bar-Yam
New England Complex Systems Institute
238 Main Street Suite 319
NECSI
Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
For over ten years, the New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI) has been in-
strumental in the development of complex systems science and its applications. NECSI
conducts research, education, knowledge dissemination, and community development
around the world for the promotion of the study of complex systems and its application
for the betterment of society.
NECSI was founded by faculty of New England area academic institutions in 1996
to further international research and understanding of complex systems. Complex-
system science is a growing field that aims to understand how parts of a system give
rise to the system's collective behaviors, and how it interacts with its environment.
These questions can be studied in general, and they are also relevant to all traditional
fields of science.
Social systems formed (in part) out of people, the brain formed out of neurons,
molecules formed out of atoms, and the weather formed from air flows are all examples
of complex systems. The field of complex systems intersects all traditional disciplines
of physical, biological and social sciences, as well as engineering, management, and
medicine. Advanced education in complex systems attracts professionals, as complex-
systems science provides practical approaches to health care, social networks, ethnic
violence, marketing, military conflict, education, systems engineering, international
development and counter-terrorism.
The study of complex systems is about understanding indirect effects. Problems
we find difficult to solve have causes and effects that are not obviously related. Push-
ing on a complex system "here" often has effects "over there" because the parts are
interdependent. This has become more and more apparent in our efforts to solve so-
cietal problems or avoid ecological disasters caused by our own actions. The field of
complex systems provides a number of sophisticated tools, some of them conceptual,
helping us think about these systems; some of them analytical, for studying these sys-
tems in greater depth; and some of them computer-based, for describing, modeling or
simulating them.
NECSI research develops basic concepts and formal approaches as well as their
applications to real-world problems. Contributions of NECSI researchers include stud-
ies of networks, agent-based modeling, multiscale analysis and complexity, chaos and
predictability, evolution, ecology, biodiversity, altruism, systems biology, cellular re-
sponse, health care, systems engineering, negotation, military conflict, ethnic violence,
and international development.
NECSI uses many modes of education to further the investigation of complex sys-
tems. Throughout the year, classes, seminars, conferences and other programs assist
students and professionals alike in their understanding of complex systems. Courses
have been taught all over the world: Australia, Canada, China, Colombia, France, Italy,
Japan, Korea, Portugal, Russia and many states of the U.S. NECSI also sponsors post-
doctoral fellows, provides research resources, and hosts the International Conference
on Complex Systems as well as discussion groups and web resources.
New England Complex Systems Institute
Book Series
Series Editor
@ Dan Braha
New England Complex Systems Institute
NECSl 238 Main Street Suite 319
Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
The world around us is full of the wonderful interplay of relationships and emer-
gent behaviors. The beautiful and mysterious way that atoms form biological
and social systems inspires us to new efforts in science. As our society becomes
more concerned with how people are connected to each other than how they work
independently, so science has become interested in the nature of relationships
and relatedness. Through relationships elements act together to become systems,
and systems achieve function and purpose. The elements act together to become
systems, and systems achieve function and purpose. The study of complex sys-
tems is remarkable in the closeness of basic ideas and practical implications.
Advances in our understanding of complex systems give new opportunities for
insight in science and improvement of society. This is manifest in the relevance
to engineering, medicine, management and education. We devote this book se-
ries to the communication of recent advances and reviews of revolutionary ideas
and their application to practical concerns.
Unifying Themes
in Complex Systems V
Proceedings of the
Fifth International Conference on Complex Systems
Edited by Ali Minai, Dan Braha
and Yaneer Bar-Yam
Ali A. Minai
Univeristy of Cincinnati
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, and Computer Science
P.O. Box 210030, Rhodes Hall 814
Cincinnati, OH 45221-0030, USA
Email:
CONTENTS - 2004 CONFERENCE
Introduction iv
Organization v
Conference Programme viii
PRESENTED PAPERS
J avier A. Alcazar
A Simple Approach to Multi-Predator Multi-Prey Pursuit Domain 2
Steven S. Andrews & Adam P. Arkin
Simulated Niche Partitioning by Bacteria 10
Jacob Beal & Sara Bennet
Predictive Modelling for Fisheries Management in the Colombian Amazon 23
Steven H. Bertz, Gil Z. Pereira & Christina M. D. Zamfirescu
Complexity and Diversity of Digraphs 31
Thomas F. Brantle & M. Hosein Fallah
Complex Knowledge Networks and Invention Collaboration 41
Markus Brede & Ulrich Behn
Random Evolution of Idiotypic Networks: Dynamics and Architecture 49
Markus Brede & John Finnigan
Constructing Scale-Free Networks by a Matrix Stability Approach 57
Natalia Bryksina, Normal Halden & Sergio Mejia
Fractal Patterns of Modeled Zoning Patterns in Calcite 65
Mark T. Calhoun
Complexity and Army Transformation 73
Kathleen M. Carley et al.
A Model of Biological Attacks on a Realistic Population 81
Sarjoun Doumit & Ali Minai
Cartography Applications for Autonomous Sensory Agents 89
Pierre Evesque
Dissipation and Statistical Mechanics of Granular Gas 97
Philip V. Fellman
The Nash Equilibrium Revisited 105
Philip V. Fellman, Jonathan Vos Post, Roxana Wright
& U sha Dashari
Adaptation and Coevolution on an Emergent Global
Competitive Landscape 113
S. Filippi & C. Cherubini
Complex Dynamics of the Cardiac Rhythms 121
J orge Finke & Kevin M. Passino
The Ecological Ideal Free Distribution and Distributed
Networked Control Systems 128
Carlos Gershenson & Frands Heylighen
Protocol Requirements for Self-Organizing Artifacts:
Towards an Ambient Intelligence 136
James K. Hazy, Brian F. Tivnan & David R. Schwandt
Modeling Social Structure as Network Effects:
Rewards for Learning Improve Performance 144
James K. Hazy, Brian F. Tivnan & David R. Schwandt
Permeable Boundaries in Organizational Learning 153
Jiang He & M. Hosein Fallah
Mobility of Innovators and Prosperity of
Geographical Technology Clusters 164
Roger Hurwitz
Towards Computing the Battle for Hearts and Minds:
Lessons from the Vendee 172
Valentina Ipatova, Valeria Prokhotskaya & Aida Dmitrieva
The Structure of Algal Population in the Presence of Toxicants 182
Bharat Khushalani
Vortex Analogue of Molecules 190
Mark Klein, Richard Metzler & Yaneer Bar-Yam
Handling Resource Oscillations through Selective Misinformation 198
Matthew Labrum, Terence Soule, Aaron Blue
& Stephen M. Krone
On the Evolution of Structure in Ecological Networks 206
T. Leppanen, M. Karttunen, R. A. Barrio & K. Kaski
Spatio-temporal Dynamics in a Thring Model 215
X. San Liang & Thomas J. Carter
Evolution of Money Distribution in a Simple Economic Model 223
Wm. C. McHarris
Chaos as a Bridge between Determinism and Probability
in Quantum Mechanics 232
Olga V. Mitina & Veronica V. Nourkova
The use of fractal dimension calculation algorithm to determine
the nature of autobiographical memories distribution across the life span 241
J. D. Morales-Guzman & V. Gonzalez-Velez
An Formally Exact Solution for a Time-Dependent Quantum System 250
Katharine M. Mullen
Human-technology Integration 257
Salil H. Patel
Crafting a Social Context for Medical Informatics Networks 265
Anita Patil, Judith Effken, Kathleen Carley & Ju-Sung Lee
Modeling Safety Outcomes on Patient Care Units 272
Daniel Polani
Defining Emergent Descriptions by Information Preservation 281
David B. Saakian
Universality Classes of Complexity 289
J. R. Semeiks, L. R. Grate & I. S. Mian
Networks of Genetic Loci and the Scientific Literature 296
Jeffrey Schank, Sanjay Joshi, Christopher May,
Jonathan T. Tran & Randy Bish
A Multi-Modeling Approach to the Study of Animal Behavior 304
Suresh Sood & Hugh Pattinson
Patterns of Negotiation: A New Way of Looking
at Marketplace B2B Negotiations 313
David Sylvan
Organized All the Way Down: The Local Complexity
of "Thick" Social Systems 320
Jevin D. West, David Peak, Keith Mott & Susanna Messinger
Comparing the Dynamics of Stomatal Networks to the Problem-Solving
Dynamics of Cellular Computers 327
Yun Zhou, Ulrich Brose, William Kastenberg & Neo D. Martinez
A New Approach to Ecological Risk Assessment: Simulating Effects
of Global Warming on Complex Ecological Networks 342
Index of authors 351
IV
INTRODUCTION
The mysteries of highly complex systems that have puzzled scientists for years
are finally beginning to unravel thanks to new analytical and simulation meth-
ods. Better understanding of concepts like complexity, emergence, evolution,
adaptation and self-organization have shown that seemingly unrelated disciplines
have more in common than we thought. These fundamental insights require
interdisciplinary collaboration that usually does not occur between academic
departments. This was the vision behind the first International Conference on
Complex Systems in 1997: not just to present research, but to introduce new
perspectives and foster collaborations that would yield research in the future.
As more and more scientists began to realize the importance of exploring the
unifying principles that govern all complex systems, the 2004 ICCS attracted a
diverse group of participants representing a wide variety of disciplines. Topics
ranged from economics to ecology, from physics to psychology and from busi-
ness to biology. Through pedagogical, breakout and poster sessions, conference
attendees shared discoveries that were significant both to their particular field
of interest, as well as to the general study of complex systems. These volumes
contain the proceedings from that conference.
Even with the fifth ICCS, the science of complex systems is still in its infancy.
In order for complex-systems science to fulfill its potential to provide a unifying
framework for various disciplines, it is essential to provide a standard set of
conventions to facilitate communication. This is another valuable function of
the conference: it allowed an opportunity to develop a common foundation and
language for the study of complex systems.
These efforts have produced a variety of new analytic and simulation tech-
niques that have proven invaluable in the study of physical, biological and social
systems. New methods of statistical analysis led to better understanding of
polymer formation and complex fluid dynamics; further development of these
methods has deepened our understanding of patterns and networks. The appli-
cation of simulation techniques such as agent-based models, cellular automata
and Monte Carlo calculations to complex systems has increased our ability to
understand and even predict behavior of systems which once seemed completely
unpredictable.
The concepts and tools of complex systems are of interest not only to sci-
entists, but also to corporate managers, doctors, political scientists and policy
makers. The same rules that govern neural networks apply to social or corporate
networks, and professionals have started to realize how valuable these concepts
are to their individual fields. The International Conferences on Complex Systems
have provided the opportunity for professionals to learn the basics of complex
systems and share their real-world experience in applying these concepts.
