Unification of Fundamental Particle Interactions II

524 Pages·1983·18.975 MB·English

by  D. V. Nanopoulos (auth.), John Ellis, Sergio Ferrara (eds.)

Unification of the
Fundamental Particle
Interactions II
ETTORE MAJORANA INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE SERIES
Series Editor:
Antonino Zichichi
European Physical Society
Geneva, Switzerland
(PHYSICAL SCIENCES)
Recent volumes in the series:
Volume 5 PROBING HADRONS WITH LEPTONS
Edited by Giuliano Preparata and Jean-Jacques Aubert
Volume 6 ENERGY FOR THE YEAR 2000
Edited by Richard Wilson
Volume 7 UNIFICATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLE
INTERACTIONS I
Edited by Sergio Ferrara, John Ellis, and Peter van Nieuwenhuizen
Volume 8 CURRENT ISSUES IN QUANTUM LOGIC
Edited by Enrico G. Beltrametti and Bas C. van Fraassen
Volume 9 ENERGY DEMAND AND EFFICIENT USE
Edited by Fernando Amman and Richard Wilson
Volume 10 INTERACTING BOSE-FERMI SYSTEMS IN NUCLEI
Edited by F. lachello
Volume 11 THE SOLUTION OF THE INVERSE PROBLEM
IN GEOPHYSICAL INTERPRETATION
Edited by R. Cassinis
Volume 12 NEUTRINO PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS
Edited by Ettore Fiorini
Volume 13 UNCONVENTIONAL APPROACHES TO FUSION
Edited by B. Brunelli and G. G. Leotta
Volume 14 MINIATURIZATION OF HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS
DETECTORS
Edited by A. Stefanini
Volume 15 UNIFICATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLE
INTERACTIONS II
Edited by John Ellis and Sergio Ferrara
Unification of the
Fundamental Particle
Interactions II
Edited by
John Ellis
and
Sergio Ferrara
CERN
Geneva, Zwitzerland
Plenum Press • New York and london
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Europhysics Study Conference on Unification of the Fundamental Particle Interactions
(2nd: 1981: Erice, Italy)
Unification of the fundamental particle interactions II.
(Ettore Majorana international science series. Physical sciences; v. 15)
"Proceedings of the Europhysics Study Conference held October 6-14, 1981, in
Erice, Sicily, Italy"-P.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Grand unified theories (Nuclear physics)-Congresses. 2. Supersymmetry-
Congresses. 3. Supergravity-Congresses. I. Ellis, John, 1946- . II. Ferrara, S.
III. Title. IV. Series.
QC794.6.G7E94 1983 539.7'54 82-18900
ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-9301-0 e-I SBN-13: 978-1-4615-9299-0
001: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9299-0
Proceedings of the Europhysics Study Conference held October 6-14, 1981,
in Erice, Sicily, Italy
© 1983 Plenum Press, New York
Sottcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1983
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
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recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
Work on the unification of the fundamental particle interac
tions has continued vigorously since the first Europhysics study
Conference on this subject. At that time we emphasized the exis
tence of two main approaches, one based on supersymmetry and pos
sibly its local version, supergravity, and the other approach based
on grand unified gauge theories. Discussion of the possible tests
of these theoretical speculations included experiments on baryon
decay and neutrino oscillations. In view of the uncertainties
surrounding the observability of such phenomena, the early Universe
was welcomed as a possible Laboratory for testing new theoretical
ideas. At that time, we expressed the hope that the different
gauge and super symmetry approaches would cross-fertilize each other"
and it is appropriate to ask now how much of that hope has been
realized.
We believe there has recently been considerable theoretical
rapprochement, which is amply reflected in these Proceedings. On
the one hand it has been realized that many of the technical pro
blems in grand unified gauge theories, such as arranging the
hierarchy of different mass scales, may be alleviated using simple
global supersymmetry. On the other hand there has been growing
interest in the possibility that extended supergravity theories
may furnish a suitable framework for the unification of all the
fundamental particle interactions. Many physicists in fact now
question actively whether the known "fundamental" particles are in
deed elementary, or whether they are composite. The hopes and
frustrations of such approaches, both within and without the super
gravity framework, are also a common theme in these Proceedings.
Many theories of compositeness seek to populate the "desert"
of unoccupied energy scales depressingly beloved of grand unified
theories. Thus they offer our experimental colleagues some relief
from the rather sparse diet of tests suggested by other unified
theories. Progress in verifying or refuting these predictions has
been slow, with tantalizing indications emerging that baryons may
indeed decay and neutrinos may indeed have masses, but with no con
firmation yet of these results. It seems that many new experiments
v
PREFACE
on these subjects will soon be operational, and our theoretical
speculations confronted with reality.
In the meantime, it is striking how cosmology and the very
early Universe have become parts of a physicist's everyday life.
Cosmological constraints on particle theories are treated very
respectfully, and new attempts made to solve outstanding cosmolo
gical problems by appeals to microphysics. Here again we sense
more cross-fertilization since the first Europhysics Study Conference
in this series.
We hope that the material in this second set of Proceedings
will prove useful for future developments in the unification of the
fundamental particle interactions. We are optimistic that the dif
ferent theoretical approaches will become more closely intertwined,
and hopeful that experimental confirmation of some of these theo
retical ideas may soon be provided.
The preparation of these Proceedings would have been impossible
without the efficient, cheerful and industrious assistance of
Monica O'Halloran and Anne-Marie Perrin. We thank them very
sincerely for devoting so much of their own time and energy to this
volume, and hope that is it worthy of their efforts.
John Ellis and Sergio Ferrara
CONTENTS
GUTs versus Susy GUTs
1
D.V. Nanopoulos
Relations between Grand Unified and
Monopole Theories 15
D.l. Olive
Kaluza-Klein-Kounterterms 29
M.J. Duff and D.J. Toms
Local SO (8) x SU (8) Invariance in N = 8
Supergravity and its Implication
for Superunification 61
B. De Wit and H. Nicolai
Recent Developments in the Group
Manifold Approach 75
R. D'Auria, P. Fre and T. Regge
Supercurrent and Anomalies in supersymmetrical
Yang-Mills theories 137
O. Piguet
Grand Unification in Extended Supergravity
J. Ellis
Bound State Regge Trajectories in N = 8
Supergravity
M.T. Grisaru and H.J. Schnitzer
New Results in Conformal Supergravity
177
B. De Wit
Unitary Realizations of the Non-Compact
Symmet.ry Groups of Supergravity 193
M. Giinaydin
vii
viii CONTENTS
Towards Unification with just Fundamental
Fermions 211
A.C. Davis
Baryon Stability and Neutrino Oscillations 223
D.H. Perkins
The Universe Strikes Back 259
G. Steigman
Super symmetry in Nuclei 285
F. Iachello
Axions 305
J.-H. Frere
CP Violation, Cosmological Baryon Asymmetry
and Neutrino Masses - the Effect of
Intermediate Mass Scales 319
A. Masiero
Some Aspects of Super symmetry Breaking 329
H.T. Grisaru
Fermion Masses, Global Symmetries and
the Strong CP Problem 337
R. Barbieri and D. Wyler
Super symmetry Breaking Through a
Cosmological Constant 343
J. Wess
Symmetry Breaking in Supersymmetric GUTs 349
F. Buccella, J.-P. Derendinger, C.A. Savoy
and S. Ferrara
Quantization and Auxiliary Fields in
11 Dimensions
367
A. Van Proeyen
Geometrical Constraints on Supergravity
Coupling
383
K.S. Stelle
On Kaluza-Klein Theories 395
J. Strathdee
Gravity as a Dynamical Consequence of the
Strong, Weak and Electromagnetic
Interactions 403
D. Zee
CONTENTS ix
Unification of Gauge and Gravity Interactions
from Compositeness 419
G. Veneziano
Some Remarks about Quantum Gravity 437
V. De Alfaro, S. Fubini and G. Furlan
From Quantum Cosmology to Quantum Gravity 451
F. Englert
Minimal Hypotheses for Particle Definition
in Curved Space-Time 455
M.A. Castagnino, D.D. Harari and
C.A. Nunez
Fermions in the Desert 467
P. Ramond
The Weak Interaction as an Indirect
Manifestation of Hypercolour 475
H. Fritzsch
Constraints on Composite Models of
Quarks and Leptons 487
R.D. Peccei
Instantons in Supersymmetric Quantum
Mechanics 505
J.W. van Holten
Galilean Approximation of Massless
Supersymmetric Theories 515
S. Ferrara and F. Palumbo
INDEX 525
GUTs VERSUS SUSY GUTs
D.V. Nanopoulos
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
GUTs
Grand unified theories (GUTs), theories that unify weak,
electromagnetic and strong interactions, seem to be a major part
of the physics culture nowadays, and very justifiably so. They do
not simply contain the successful electroweak and strong interac
tions (QCD) theories, but they lead to numerous qualitative and
quantitative results, most of them impossible to be derived in the
absence of grand unificationl.
GUTs explain naturally the charge quantization, but, at the
same time~ entail that a, the electromagnetic fine structure con
stant, should be constrained t02
< <
1/170 a 1/120 (1)
rather severe bounds, consistent with a ~ 1/137.
GUTs demand that at some superhigh energy limit all three in
teractions have more or less the same strength, or inversely, that
at low energies the three interactions should have different
strengths, as is observed experimentally. In such theories one
finds that the electroweak mlxlng angle, (8 ), as measured at
present energies, is given byl e-w
sin28 (MW) ~ 0.214 ± 0.002 (2)
e-w
which compares most favourably with the radiatively corrected ex
perimental average.