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UndueProcess Why do autocrats hold political trials when outcomes are presumed known from the start? Undue Process examines how autocrats weaponize the judiciary to stay in control. Contrary to conventional wisdomthatcourtsconstrainarbitrarypower,FionaFeiangShen-Bayh argues that judicial processes can instead be used to legitimize dic- tatorship and dissuade dissent when power is contested. Focusing on sub-Saharan Africa since independence, Shen-Bayh draws on fine- grainedarchivaldataonregimethreatsandstaterepressiontoexplain why political trials are often political purges in disguise, providing legal cover for the persecution of regime rivals. This compelling analysisrevealshowcourtscanbeusedtorepresspoliticalchallengers, institutionalize punishment,and undermine the rule of law.Engaging andilluminating,UndueProcessprovidesnewtheoreticalinsightsinto autocratic judiciaries and will interest political scientists and scholars studyingauthoritarianregimes,Africanpolitics,andpoliticalcontrol. fiona feiang shen-bayh is an assistant professor of government at William&Mary. Published online by Cambridge University Press CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN LAW AND SOCIETY Foundedin1997,CambridgeStudiesinLawandSocietyisahubfor leadingscholarshipinsocio-legalstudies.Locatedattheintersection of law,the humanities,and the social sciences,it publishes empiri- callyinnovativeandtheoreticallysophisticatedworkonlaw’sman- ifestations in everyday life: from discourses to practices,and from institutionstocultures.Theserieseditorshavelong-standingexper- tiseintheinterdisciplinarystudyoflaw,andwelcomecontributions that place legal phenomena in national, comparative, or interna- tional perspective.Seriesauthors comefromarangeof disciplines, includinganthropology,history,law,literature,politicalscience,and sociology. SeriesEditors MarkFathiMassoud,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz Jens Meierhenrich, London School of Economics and Political Science RachelE.Stern,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley Alistofbooksintheseriescanbefoundatthebackofthisbook. Published online by Cambridge University Press Undue Process Persecution and Punishment in Autocratic Courts FIONA FEIANG SHEN-BAYH William&Mary Published online by Cambridge University Press UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781009197137 doi:10.1017/9781009197151 ©FionaFeiangShen-Bayh2022 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2022 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. isbn978-1-009-19713-7Hardback isbn978-1-009-19714-4Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Published online by Cambridge University Press For Baba. Published online by Cambridge University Press Published online by Cambridge University Press Contents ListofFigures pageix ListofTables xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 TheProcessofPunishment 1 1.1 ThePuzzleofPoliticalTrials 3 1.2 ExistingExplanations 5 1.3 ATheoryofJudicialRepression 10 1.4 Contributions 14 1.5 CaseSelection 18 1.6 OverviewoftheBook 24 2 ATheoryofJudicialRepression 26 2.1 RethinkingRepression:ViolenceandPunishment inPerspective 29 2.2 TheTheory:ExplainingJudicialRepression 31 2.3 ObservableImplications 52 3 ReadingaJudicialRitual 54 3.1 Background:RiseofaOne-PartyStateinKenya 55 3.2 AJudicialRitualtoRestoreOrderandObedience 58 3.3 DemonstrationsofLoyaltyastheTrialComestoaClose 70 3.4 AlternativeExplanations 74 3.5 BeyondKenya 78 4 WhoGoestoTrial? 80 4.1 ThreatstoAutocraticSurvival:CoupPlots 82 4.2 DataonCoupPlotsinPostcolonialAfrica 84 4.3 TestingWhoGoestoTrial 99 vii Published online by Cambridge University Press viii Contents 4.4 TrialandPosttrialOutcomes 103 4.5 Conclusion 107 Appendix4A 108 5 PathwaysofPunishment 110 5.1 TheCaseofTanzania 113 5.2 TheCaseofSierraLeone 131 5.3 PathwaysofPunishmentinPerspective 150 6 ACooperativeJudiciary 152 6.1 Background:ColonialOriginsofPostcolonialCourts 154 6.2 DilemmasofaProfessionalizedJudiciary 163 6.3 Cross-NationalPatternsofJudicialCooperation 167 6.4 WhenProfessionalizationandPartisanshipareMisaligned 170 6.5 ExpandingtheJuristPoolBeyondAfrica 175 6.6 Conclusion 190 7 Conclusion 192 7.1 MainFindings 193 7.2 AvenuesforFutureResearch 196 7.3 ImplicationsforDueProcessinEmergingDemocracies 201 Bibliography 205 Index 213 Published online by Cambridge University Press Figures 3.1 Front page story from The Daily Nation,a Kenyan newspaper,detailingMutiso’sdetentionandimpending trial page63 3.2 Front page story from The Daily Nation,a Kenyan newspaper,urgingKenyanstoattendtheJuneloyaltyrally 71 4.1 Unsuccessful coups: Data from McGowan and Cline Center 87 4.2 Unsuccessful coups: Data collected by author from shadowarchives 91 4.3 Distributionofcoupplotsbyageofregime 92 4.4 Plotsizebycountry 93 4.5 DocumentsfromtheBritishNationalArchivesontreason trialsinSierraLeone 95 4.6 Documents from the British National Archives on politicaldetaineesinUganda 97 4.7 Distributionofrepressiontactics 97 4.8 Bivariatedistributionofchallenger-type and repression strategy 100 4.9 Likelihoodofgoingtotrial 101 4.10 Likelihoodofgoingtotrial 102 4.11 Sentencingpatterns 105 5.1 TimelineofselecteventsinTanzania,1961–1971 130 5.2 TimelineofselecteventsinSierraLeone,1961–1971 150 6.1 TimelineofchiefjusticesinpostcolonialBritishAfrica 161 ix Published online by Cambridge University Press