Underwater Acoustic Data Processing

641 Pages·1989·20.91 MB·English

by  Henry Cox (auth.)

Underwater Acoustic Data Processing
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee,
which aims 'at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge,
with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the
NATO Scientific Affairs Division.
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers
and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London
D Behavioural and Social Sciences
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Systems Scl~mces Springer-Verlag
G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London,
H Cell Biology Paris and Tokyo
Series E: Applied Sciences -Vol. 161
Underwater Acoustic
Data Processing
edited by
y. T. Chan
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Royal Military College of Canada,
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht / Boston / London
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Underwater Acoustic Data Processing
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
July 18-29, 1988
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Underwater acoustic data processing I edited by Y.T. Chan.
p. cm. -- (NATO ASI series. Series E. Applied sciences v.
161 )
Inc 1u des index.
1. Underwater acoustics--Data processing. I. Chan. Y. T.
II. Series: NATO ASI series. Series E. Applied sciences: no. 161.
aC242.2.U53 1989
621.389·53--dc19 88-36785
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7527-5 e-ISBN-13:978-94-009-2289-1
001: 10.1007/978-94-009-2289-1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE xi
PROPAGATION AND NOISE 1
Fundamentals of bistatic active sonar
H. Cox 3
Sources of low-frequency sound in the sea
L. Bj((Jrrw 25
Application of the output error system
identification method to the calibration of
underwater acoustic transducers
D.J. George and D.M. Goodman 39
Low frequency sector scanner using NLA
J.C. Cook, A.D. Goodson and J.W.R. Griffiths 47
Acoustic coherence loss due to ocean boundary interactions
D.E. Weston 55
Advanced methods for the investigation of
the underwater channel
G. Jourdain 69
A new algorithm for the identification of
distorted wavefronts
J. Munier, G. Jourdain and G.Y. Delisle 87
The multipath coherence function for correlated
random channels and a moving source
S. Leroy-Hebert and A. Plaisant 93
Vertical directionality of ambient noise
at 32°N as a function of longitude and wind speed
W.S. Hodgkiss and F.H. Fisher 99
The influence of bubbles on acoustic
propagation and scattering
H. Herwig and B. NUtzel 105
In-situ measurement of elastic properties of sea ice
G.H. Brooke and J.M. Ozard 113
Generalized mixture noise models for U.W.A.
M. Bouvet 119
vi
Some aspects of sound propagation in
shallow water: estimation of source
and sound channe 1 parameters
J. Glattetre 125
Mediterranean underwater ambient noise model
J.L. Esperandieu 141
Determination of the acoustic properties
of the sea floor by measuring the
angle dependency of the reflection coefficient
B.S. Fedders 149
The influence of random thermocline displacements
on shallow water transmission loss
J. Sellschopp 155
A review of target strength estimation techniques
J.E. Ehrenberg 161
Near field target strength measurements
C.J.M. van Ruiten 177
Efficient processing and displaying of
active systems data
R.C. Gauss 183
Performance of incoherent pulse compression of
costas signals
A.H. Nuttall and W. Chang 189
A numerical and analytical approach for pulse
propagation in refracting and random media
J.L. Codona 195
II SIGNAL PROCESSING 201
Future trends in sonar signal processing
G.C. Carter 203
Active and passive localization:
similarities and differences
P.M. Schultheiss and K. Wagner 215
State estimation of moving active targets
by reverberation analysis
M. Siegel and G. Bodecker 233
Signal processing in the linear statistical model
L. L. Scharf 239
Parameter estimation of signals corrupted by
noise using a matrix of divided differences
R. Kumaresan 243
vii
Factor analysis and estimation of covariance matrix
R. Foka, H. Boucard and H. Debart 261
Rayleigh estimates for high resolution direction finding
M.A. Lagunas and F. Vallverdu 267
High discrimination target detection
algorithms and estimation of parameters
I.J. Clarke 273
Parametric methods for estimation of
signals and noise in wavefields
D. Kraus and J. F. Bohme 279
Enhanced minimum variance beamforming
N. L. Owsley 285
Optimal estimation and beamforming
V.A. Barroso and J.M.F. Moura 293
Adaptive processing of broadband acoustic signals
A. WasilJeff and A. Malunat 301
Beamforming on linear antennas with optical processors
H. Burggraf and D. Rathjen 307
Adaptive methods in temporal processing
B. Picinbono 313
Passive array processing: from conventional
to high resolution concepts
G. Bienvenu 329
Beamforming in the presence of correlated arrivals
L. C. Godara 345
High-resolution spatial processing
with short observation times
D.N. Swingler, J. Krolik and R.S. Walker 351
Estimation for array processing of spatial
noise correlations in the presence of sources
J.P. Le Cadre and P.Y. Arques 357
Spatial array processing by the method CLEAN
G.W.M. Van Mierlo and A-J. Lenstra 366
A robust adaptive array structure using
the soft constrained LMS algorithm
G.F. Hatke and S.C. Schwartz 373
Design and development of an acoustic antenna
system for industrial noise source identification
M.M. Boone 379
viii
A small aperture acoustic direction finder
G. Ziehm 385
Inverse problems: a tutorial survey
C. van Schooneveld 393
Applied modelling to underwater vehicles identification
G. Tacconi and A. Tiano 413
The effect of mismatch on array processors
with normal mode replica vectors
D.F. Gingras 421
Robust beamforming for matched field processing
under realistic environmental conditions
H. Schmidt, A.B. Baggeroer, W.A. Kuperman and E.K. Scheer 427
Threshold extension by nonlinear techniques
J.M.F. Moura and C.A.C. Belo 433
Application of acoustics in the land environment
J.C. Rogers and G.R. Gerhart 453
Systolic array implementation of parallel Kalman
filtering for heave compensation in underwater
acoustic data processing
F. El-Hawary 461
TMA performance for towed arrays of low manoeuvrability
J.A. Fawcett 467
Multi-tracks association for underwater passive listening
P. Blanc-Benon and D. Pillon 473
New observability criterion in target motion analysis
C. Jauffret and D. Pillon 479
Bearings only target motion analysis
L.F. Helbling 485
Models for the application of Kalman filtering
to the estimation of the shape of a towed array
D.A. Gray, B.D.D. Anderson and R.R. Bitmead 491
Frequency line tracking algorithms
R.F. Barrett, A.K. Steele and R.L. Streit 497
Localization of far-field sources with
an array of unknown geometry
P. Nicolas and G. Vezzosi 503
Passive localization
J.C. Rosenberger 511
ix
Inter-array data association and target motion analysis
I. Guelle and J. Durif 525
Joint delay and signal determination
I.M.G. Lourtie and J.M.F. Moura 531
11\ POST PROCESSING 537
Use of multicolor displays for sonar detection
R.J. Buratti, J. Rio and M.N. Witlin 539
Artificial intelligence and signal understanding
J. Hallam 545
An artificial intelligence approach to multipath
localization and tracking
B.L.F. Daku, C.M. McIntyre and J.E. Salt 561
3D reconstruction and recognition from multiple
views and with different acquisition constraints
C. Braccini, G. Gambardella,
A. Grattarola and S. Zappatore 567
Expert system applications in underwater acoustics
J. N. Maksym and R. M. Hayashi 573
Classification of ships using underwater radiated noise
J.G. Lourens 591
Practical experience gained during the building of an expert
system for the interpretation of underwater signals
H. Bendig 597
Knowledge-based interpretation of passive sonar data
P. Mason, C.J. Edmonds, T.W. Buggy and F.A.J. Anderson 603
"Constant capacity," DSP architecture -
an historical perspective
Y.S. Wu 609
Parallel computing you can do
W.M. Gentleman 629
Practical graph partitioning algorithms for SONAR
L.J. Wu and T.E. Curtis 637
Concurrency in digital signal processing
R.G. Bramley, S.C. Tran and D.J. Creasey 645
An experimental sonar system using transputers
T.A. Rafik and J.W.R. Griffiths 651
SUMMARIES OF WORKSHOPS 657
SUBJECT INDEX 665
PREFACE
This book contains the papers that were accepted for presentation
at the 1988 NATO Advanced Study Institute on Underwater Acoustic Data
Processing, held at the Royal Military College of Canada from 18 to 29
July, 1988. Approximately 110 participants from various NATO countries
were in attendance during this two week period. Their research interests
range from underwater acoustics to signal processing and computer science;
some are renowned scientists and some are recent Ph.D. graduates.
The purpose of the ASI was to provide an authoritative summing up
of the various research activities related to sonar technology. The
exposition on each subject began with one or two tutorials prepared by
invited lecturers, followed by research papers which provided indications
of the state of development in that specific area.
I have broadly classified the papers into three sections under the
titles of I. Propagation and Noise, II. Signal Processing and III. Post
Processing. The reader will find in Section I papers on low frequency
acoustic sources and effects of the medium on underwater acoustic
propagation. Problems such as coherence loss due to boundary interaction,
wavefront distortion and multipath transmission were addressed. Besides
the medium, corrupting noise sources also have a strong influence on the
performance of a sonar system and several researchers described methods of
modeling these sources.
Section II is centered on the processing of sonar signals. There
are tutorial papers on target strength estimation techniques, target
localization, linear algebra as applied to signal processing, array
processing, non-linear filtering and inverse methods. Research papers in
this section also discuss work on adaptive and high resolution
beamformers, target motion analysis, data association and matched field
processing.
The post processing section opened with a tutorial on artificial
intelligence (AI), followed by papers relating to specific AI
applications. There are also a tutorial on expert systems, together with
papers that describe prototype knowledge-based ship classification
schemes. Since post processing probably generates the highest demand in
computing requirement, we have appropriately included a subsection on
parallel computing.
Several individuals have made numerous contributions to this ASI.
I wish to thank the members of the organizing committee who, over several
meetings, selected a theme and decided on the scope of the ASI and
recommended tutorial lecturers. Our last meeting before the ASI was in
Boston in early January 1988. During two snowy days, we reviewed the
paper submissions and set up the two week technical program. France
Couture, Claire Lamanque, Fred Jardine and Sherman O'Donnell provided
invaluable assistance during the ASI and Denis and Claire Lamanque
volunteered to assist with the editorial tasks for this volume. To all of
them I express my gratitude.
Y. T. Chan
Kingston, October, 1988
xi