Understanding Telecommunication Networks (IET Telecommunications Series

352 Pages·2007·2.73 MB·English

by  Andy Valdar

IETTELECOMMUNICATIONSSERIES52
Understanding
Telecommunications
Networks
Othervolumesinthisseries:
Volume9 PhasenoisesignalsourcesW.P.Robins
Volume12 SpreadspectrumincommunicationsR.SkaugandJ.F.Hjelmstad
Volume13 AdvancedsignalprocessingD.J.Creasey(Editor)
Volume19 Telecommunicationstraffic,tariffsandcostsR.E.Farr
Volume20 AnintroductiontosatellitecommunicationsD.I.Dalgleish
Volume21 SPCdigitaltelephoneexchangesF.J.RedmillandA.R.Valder
Volume25 PersonalandmobileradiosystemsR.C.V.Macario(Editor)
Volume26 Common-channelsignallingR.J.Manterfield
Volume28 Verysmallapertureterminals(VSATs)J.L.Everett(Editor)
Volume29 ATM:thebroadbandtelecommunicationssolutionL.G.Cuthbertand
J.C.Sapanel
Volume31 Datacommunicationsandnetworks,3rdeditionR.L.Brewster(Editor)
Volume32 AnalogueopticalfibrecommunicationsB.Wilson,Z.Ghassemlooyand
I.Z.Darwazeh(Editors)
Volume33 ModernpersonalradiosystemsR.C.V.Macario(Editor)
Volume34 DigitalbroadcastingP.Dambacher
Volume35 Principlesofperformanceengineeringfortelecominfosystems
M.Ghanbari,C.J.Hughes,M.C.SinclairandJ.P.Eade
Volume36 Telecommunicationnetworks,2ndEdnJ.E.Flood(Editor)
Volume37 OpticalcommunicationreceiverdesignS.B.Alexander
Volume38 Satellitecommunicationsystems,3rdEdnB.G.Evans(Editor)
Volume40 SpreadspectruminmobilecommunicationO.Berg,T.Berg,
J.F.Hjelmstad,S.HaavikandR.Skaug
Volume41 WorldtelecommunicationseconomicsJ.J.Wheatley
Volume43 TelecommunicationssignallingR.J.Manterfield
Volume44 Digitalsignalfiltering,analysisandrestorationJ.Jan
Volume45 Radiospectrummanagement,2ndEdnD.J.Withers
Volume46 Intelligentnetworks:PrinciplesandapplicationsJ.R.Anderson
Volume47 LocalaccessnetworktechnologiesP.France
Volume48 TelecommunicationsqualityofservicemanagementA.P.Oodan
(Editor)
Volume49 Standardcodecs:imagecompressiontoadvancedvideocoding
M.Ghanbari
Volume50 TelecommunicationsregulationJ.Buckley
Volume51 SecurityformobilityC.Mitchell(Editor)
Volume904 OpticalfibresensingandsignalprocessingB.Culshaw
Volume905 ISDNapplicationineducationandtrainingR.MasonandP.D.Bacsich
Understanding
Telecommunications
Networks
Andy Valdar
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
©2006TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
Firstpublished2006
ThispublicationiscopyrightundertheBerneConventionandtheUniversalCopyright
Convention.Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearch
orprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,Designsand
PatentsAct,1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmitted,inany
formsorbyanymeans,onlywiththepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orin
thecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissued
bytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Inquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethose
termsshouldbesenttothepublishersattheundermentionedaddress:
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
MichaelFaradayHouse
SixHillsWay,Stevenage
Herts,SG12AY,UnitedKingdom
www.theiet.org
Whiletheauthorsandthepublishersbelievethattheinformationandguidancegivenin
thisworkarecorrect,allpartiesmustrelyupontheirownskillandjudgmentwhen
makinguseofthem.Neithertheauthorsnorthepublishersassumeanyliabilityto
anyoneforanylossordamagecausedbyanyerrororomissioninthework,whether
sucherrororomissionistheresultofnegligenceoranyothercause.Anyandallsuch
liabilityisdisclaimed.
Themoralrightsoftheauthorstobeidentifiedasauthorsofthisworkhavebeen
assertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Valdar,A.R.
Understandingtelecommunicationnetworks
1.Telecommunicationsystems
I.TitleII.InstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
621.3’82
ISBN(10digit)0863413625
ISBN(13digit)978-086341-362-9
TypesetinIndiabyNewgenImagingSystems(P)Ltd,Chennai
PrintedintheUKbyMPGBooksLtd,Bodmin,Cornwall
Contents
Acknowledgements xi
Foreword xiii
1 Anintroductiontotelephony 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Basictelephony 1
1.3 Atelephonenetwork 9
1.4 Howdoesanetworksetupacallconnection? 14
1.5 Waveforms 15
1.6 Summary 18
References 19
2 Themanynetworksandhowtheylink 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Otherformsoftelephonenetworks 22
2.2.1 Mobilenetworks 22
2.2.2 CableTVnetworks 23
2.3 Interconnectionofnetworks 24
2.3.1 Internationalcalls 24
2.3.2 InterconnectionofaPSTNandaPNO’snetwork 25
2.3.3 MobiletomobileviathePSTN 26
2.4 TheInternet 27
2.5 AccesstotheInternet 29
2.5.1 Dial-upviathePSTNandISDN 29
2.5.2 OverADSL 31
2.5.3 Overacablemodem 31
2.5.4 Leasedlineaccess 32
2.6 ThespecialistnetworksassociatedwithaPSTN 32
2.6.1 Operator-servicesnetwork 33
2.6.2 Intelligentnetwork 33
vi Contents
2.6.3 Business-servicesnetwork 34
2.6.4 Private-circuitservicesnetwork 34
2.6.5 Dataservicesnetworks 34
2.6.6 Telexnetwork 35
2.7 AmodelofthesetofaTelco’snetworks 36
2.8 Summary 37
References 39
3 Networkcomponents 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Networktopologies 41
3.3 Nodal:concentratorswitching 42
3.4 Nodal:routeswitching 43
3.5 Nodal:packetswitchingandrouteing 44
3.6 Nodal:control(computerprocessingandstorage) 46
3.7 Nodal:multiplexing 46
3.7.1 Frequencydivisionmultiplexing 48
3.7.2 Timedivisionmultiplexing 49
3.7.3 Codedivisionmultiplexing 51
3.8 Nodal:grooming 52
3.9 Nodal:consolidating 53
3.10 Linkcomponent 53
3.11 Analogue-to-digitalconversion 55
3.11.1 Theadvantagesofdigitalnetworks 55
3.11.2 TheA/Dprocess 57
3.12 Summary 59
References 60
4 Transmissionsystems 61
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Transmissionbearers 61
4.2.1 Transmissionprinciples 61
4.2.2 Transmissionmedia 66
4.3 Multiplexedpayloads 72
4.3.1 ThePCMmultiplexedpayload:thebasicbuildingblock
ofdigitalnetworks 73
4.3.2 Thetimedivisionmultiplexingofdigitalblocks 76
4.3.3 Plesiochronousdigitalhierarchysystem 78
4.3.4 SONETandsynchronousdigitalhierarchysystem 80
4.4 Therangeoftransmissionsystems 85
4.4.1 Metallic-linesystems 86
4.4.2 Digitalsubscriberlinetransmissionsystems 87
4.4.3 Point-to-pointopticalfibre 90
4.4.4 Densewave-divisionmultiplexsystem 91
4.4.5 Passiveopticalfibrenetwork 91
Contents vii
4.4.6 Line-of-sightmicrowaveradiosystems 94
4.4.7 Earthsatellitesystems 95
4.4.8 WirelessLANs 96
4.4.9 WirelessMANs 96
4.5 Summary 96
References 97
5 Transmissionnetworks 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Accessnetworks 99
5.2.1 Scenesetting 99
5.2.2 Thecopper(‘localloop’)accessnetwork 100
5.2.3 Theopticalfibreaccessnetwork 103
5.2.4 Radioaccessnetwork 105
5.2.5 Broadbandaccess 107
5.2.6 Planningandoperationalissues 112
5.3 Coretransmissionnetworks 116
5.3.1 Scenesetting 116
5.3.2 PDHnetwork 117
5.3.3 SDHnetwork 118
5.3.4 Transmissionnetworkresilience 121
5.4 Summary 126
References 127
6 Circuit-switchingsystemsandnetworks 129
6.1 Introduction 129
6.2 Circuit-switchingsystems 129
6.2.1 Introduction 129
6.2.2 Subscriberswitching(local)units 130
6.2.3 Digitaltelephoneswitchingsystems 133
6.2.4 PBX 141
6.2.5 Digitalexchangestructures 141
6.2.6 ISDNexchanges 144
6.3 Networkdimensioning 145
6.3.1 Theconceptofswitchedtraffic 145
6.3.2 Calldistribution 146
6.3.3 Trafficflow 147
6.3.4 Trafficrouteing 149
6.3.5 Exchangecapacityplanning 152
6.4 Summary 153
References 158
7 Signallingandcontrol 159
7.1 Introduction 159
7.2 Signalling 159
viii Contents
7.2.1 Anoverviewofsignalling 159
7.2.2 Applicationsofcommon-channelsignalling
systems 162
7.2.3 ITUcommon-channelsignallingsystemno.7
(CCSS7,SS7orC7) 163
7.2.4 ITUH323andsessioninitiationprotocol 169
7.3 Callcontrol 171
7.3.1 Exchange-controlsystems 171
7.3.2 Intelligentnetwork 174
7.3.3 Futurenetworkintelligence 177
7.4 Summary 177
References 178
8 Data(packet)switchingandrouteing 181
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 Thenatureofdata 181
8.3 Packetswitching 182
8.3.1 Connection-orientatedpacketmode 183
8.3.2 Connectionlesspacketmode 185
8.3.3 Comparisonofpacketswitchingmodes 186
8.4 Asynchronoustransfermode 188
8.5 Internetprotocol 192
8.6 TheInternet 196
8.7 Voice-over-IP 199
8.8 VOIPoverbroadband 202
8.9 Networkaspects:IPoverATM 204
8.10 Multi-protocollabelswitching 206
8.11 Localareanetworks 209
8.12 WirelessLANs 212
8.13 Summary 214
References 214
9 Mobileswitchingsystemsandnetworks 217
9.1 Introduction 217
9.2 Characteristicsofmobilenetworks 217
9.2.1 Tetherlesslink 217
9.2.2 Needforhandsetidentification 218
9.2.3 Needtotrackthelocationofusers 218
9.2.4 Needforacomplexhandset 218
9.2.5 Useofcomplexcommercialmodel 218
9.2.6 Needforspecialisedservicesupport 219
9.2.7 Asimplegenericmodelofamobilesystem 219
9.3 Howdoesradiowork? 220
9.4 Cellularnetworks 223
9.5 Accessmechanismsincellularnetworks 227
Contents ix
9.6 TheGSMsystem 228
9.6.1 GSMsystemdescription 230
9.6.2 LocationmanagementinaGSMsystem 232
9.6.3 MobilecallinaGSMnetwork 234
9.6.4 Cellhand-overandpowermanagement 235
9.6.5 GSMframestructure 237
9.7 Generalpacketradioservice 238
9.8 Thirdgeneration(3G)mobilesystems 241
9.8.1 Universalmobiletelecommunicationssystem 242
9.8.2 Networkplanningconsiderations 244
9.9 Thewirelessscene 244
9.10 Fixed–mobileconvergence(FMC) 246
9.11 Summary 247
References 247
10 Numberingandaddressing 249
10.1 Introduction 249
10.2 Numberingandaddressingintelephonenetworks 250
10.3 Administrationofthetelephonenumberingrange 255
10.4 Routeingandchargingoftelephonecalls 257
10.4.1 Numberingandtelephonecallrouteing 257
10.4.2 Numberportability 260
10.4.3 Numberingandtelephonecallcharging 261
10.5 Datanumberingandaddressing 263
10.6 ATMaddressing 263
10.7 IPnumbering/namingandaddressing 265
10.7.1 Internetnames 266
10.7.2 Internetaddresses 268
10.7.3 Translatinginternetnamestoaddresses 271
10.7.4 IPv6 273
10.8 Inter-workingofinternetandtelephonenumberingand
addresses 274
10.9 Summary 276
References 276
11 Puttingitalltogether 279
11.1 Introduction 279
11.2 Architecture 279
11.2.1 Commercialorservicemodelview 281
11.2.2 Techno-regulatoryview 281
11.2.3 Functionalorlogicalview 282
11.2.4 Physicalview 283
11.3 Aholisticviewofatelecommunicationsnetwork 283
11.3.1 Logicalmulti-layerednetworkviewsofaPSTN 283
11.3.2 PhysicalviewofthesetofaTelco’snetworks 285