Understanding Steel Design: An Architectural Design Manual

248 Pages·2016·61.8 MB·English

by  Boake T.M.

U n d e r s t a n d i n g
st e e l
de s i g n

U n d e r s t a n d i n g
st e e l
de s i g n
- - -
An ArchitecturAl
Design MAnuAl
- - -
terri Meyer Boake
With technical illustrations
by Vincent hui
Birkhäuser
Basel
the author and the publisher wish to thank the canadian institute of
steel construction regions and Walters group for their participation
in this book.
eDitor DistriBution
Andreas Müller
ActarBirkhäuserD
grAphic Design & proDuction Barcelona – Basel – new York
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Contents 8 PreFaCe CHaPter 4
FabriCation,
42
CHaPter 1
ereC tion and
tHe t ransForma- tHe i mP liC ations
12
tive nat Ure oF on d esign
steel ConstrUCtion
44 transForming arCHiteC -
tUral design into
14 tHe intrinsiC ConneCtion
FabriCated elements
between HistoriC de -
veloPments in steel and
45 ProCess ProFile:
modern arCHiteCtUre
addition to tHe royal
14 steel is ABout tension ontario mUseUm
15 steel is ABout inDustriAlizAtion AnD 46 the role oF phYsicAl AnD DigitAl
MAss FABricAtion MoDels
15 stAnDArD structurAl steel 49 AppreciAting scAle
Versus Aess
49 trAnsportAtion AnD site issues AnD
15 From teCHniqUe to the iMpAct on Design
teCHnology
51 erecting the steel
52 the eFFects oF WeAther AnD cliMAte
on erection
CHaPter 2
53 proViDing perMAnent stABilitY For
the FrAMe
tHe materiality
18
oF steel 54 coorDinAtion With other sYsteMs
55 ProCess ProFile:
20 strUCtUral ProPerties
leslie dan FaCUlty
oF steel
oF PHarmaCy
21 Hot-rolled steel sHaPes 56 shop FABricAtion
22 Hollow strUCtUral 57 AsseMBling the poDs
seCtions (Hss)
58 erecting A BeAM
24 eConomies in detailing 58 erecting the coluMns
and sPeCiFying steel
59 liFting the 50-tonne truss
25 design and modeling
60 liFting the poDs
soFtware
CHaPter 5
CHaPter 3
aess: i ts History
ConneC tions 62
26
and d eveloPment
and Framing
teCH niqUes 64 tHe invention oF Hollow
strUCtUral seCtions
28 tHe idea beHind Framing
64 tHe evolUtion oF aess
28 basiC ConneCtion tHroUgH tHe HigH teCH
strategies movement
31 Framed ConneCtions 65 tHe tyPology oF early
HigH teCH arCHiteCtUre
31 BeAM-to-girDer connections
32 girDer or BeAM-to-coluMn 66 the “extruDeD” tYpologY
connections
70 the “griD/BAY” tYpologY
33 coluMn connections
74 the “toWer-AnD-tensile” tYpologY
34 pin connections
78 HigH teCH beComes aess
35 Floor systems
79 resUltant bUilding
37 braCed systems sCienCe Problems
38 trUss systems
38 plAnAr trusses
39 three-DiMensionAl trusses
CHaPter 6 CHaPter 7 CHaPter 9
aess: d esign Coatings, advanC ed Framing
80 102 124
and d etailing FinisHes and Fire systems: diagrids
ProteCtion
82 standard strUCtUral 126 tall bUildings
steel versUs aess 104 tHe need For Corrosion 127 DiAgonAlizeD core BuilDings
ProteCtion
83 wHat is aess? 128 truss BAnD sYsteMs
105 tHe need For
83 Primary FaCtors 129 BunDleD tuBe BuilDings
Fire ProteCtion
tHat deFine aess
129 coMposite construction
105 PreParing tHe steel
85 Categories oF aess For Coatings 130 WinD testing
85 Aess 1 – BAsic eleMents
106 FinisH and Coating 131 diagrid systems
86 Aess 2 – FeAture eleMents system seleCtion
131 the ADVAntAges oF A DiAgriD oVer A
88 Aess 3 – FeAture eleMents MoMent FrAMe
106 priMers
89 Aess 4 – shoWcAse eleMents 132 DiAgriD toWers
106 Paint systems For aess
91 custoM eleMents 136 ProCess ProFile:
107 shortcoMings oF pAinteD Finishes
bow enCana tower
92 stAinless structurAl steel
107 shop Versus site pAinting
139 curVeD DiAgriD-supporteD shApes on
92 MixeD cAtegories loW to MiD-rise BuilDings
108 Corrosion ProteCtion
93 detailing r eqUirements systems 140 crYstAlline DiAgriD ForMs
93 connection Mock-ups 108 gAlVAnizAtion 141 hYBriD shApes
94 cutting steel 109 MetAllizAtion
95 CHoosing ConneCtion 110 WeAthering steel CHaPter 10
tyPes
111 stAinless steel
Castings
144
95 BolteD connections
112 Fire ProteCtion systems
96 WelDeD connections 146 HistoriC and
112 Fire suppression sYsteMs ContemPorary Casting
97 cAst connections
113 sprAY-ApplieD Fire protection
147 basiC tyPes oF
98 CHoosing member tyPes 113 concrete Cast ConneCtors
98 tuBulAr sections 113 intuMescent coAtings 148 tensile ConneCtors
99 stAnDArD structurAl shApes
150 base ConneCtions
99 ConstrUCtion best
CHaPter 8
PraCtiCes 151 branCH-tyPe
ConneCtions
CUrved steel
99 cAre in hAnDling 116
153 ProCess ProFile:
99 trAnsportAtion issues 118 Creating CUrves in steel
University oF gUel PH
bUildings
100 sequencing oF liFts sCienCe bUilding
100 site constrAints 118 limitations on CUrving
steel
101 erection issues
CHaPter 11
119 tHe CUrving ProCess
tension s ystems
158
120 CUrved steel
and sPaCeFrames
aPPliCations
122 FaCeting as an alternate 160 tension systems
metHod to bending
161 tension connectors
123 Creating CUrves witH 161 cross BrAcing
Plate material
164 innoVAtiVe Force expression
in trusses
167 siMple cAnopies
168 cABle-stAYeD sYsteMs
170 tensegritY structures
172 sPaCeFrame systems
173 non-plAnAr spAceFrAMes
176 irregulAr MoDules
CHaPter 12 CHaPter 14 appendix
steel and steel and 236 BiBliogrAphY
178 216
glazing s ystems sUstainability 237 illustrAtion creDits
238 inDex oF technicAl suBjects
180 early steel and glass 218 steel as a sUstainable
bUildings material 240 inDex oF ApplicAtions
181 teCHniCal asPeCts oF 219 tHe leedtm green 241 inDex oF BuilDings
Combining steel witH bUilding rating system 242 inDex oF Architects AnD steel FirMs
glass
220 reCyCle versUs reUse 243 inDex oF locAtions
183 sUPPort systems
220 recYcleD content 244 on the Author AnD the technicAl
For glazing illustrAtor
220 coMponent reuse
184 seleCting tHe 245 sponsors
aPProPriate system 221 ADAptiVe reuse
186 simPle CUrtain wall 223 sUstainable beneFits
sUPPort systems oF aess
186 simPle wind-braCed 223 low-Carbon design
systems strategies
225 reDuce MAteriAl
187 Cable- sUPPorted
strUCtUral glass 225 reDuce Finishes
enveloPes
225 reDuce lABor
188 cABle net WAlls
226 reDuce trAnsportAtion
189 stAinless steel spiDer connectors
227 DurABilitY
190 cABle truss sYsteMs
192 coMplex cABle sYsteMs
CHaPter 15
195 operABle steel AnD glAss sYsteMs
steel in temPo -
196 Handling CUrves 228
rary e XHibition
197 lattiCe sHell bUildings
ConstrUCtion
CHaPter 13
advanC ed Framing
202
systems: steel and
timber
204 C HaraCteristiCs
205 detailing issUes
206 FabriCation and
ereCtion issUes
206 FinisH issUes
207 Hidden steel
208 ProCess ProFile:
addition to tHe art
gallery oF ontario
212 ProCess ProFile:
riCHmond sPeed
skating oval
Preface
Building construction is an increasingly complex subject of study and field of practice.
there are numerous materials and systems from which an architect or engineer can se-
lect when designing the structure of a building. the basis of the idea behind this book
lies in a firm belief in the benefits of recognizing the intrinsic connection between char-
acteristics of materials and the design of buildings. good building design responds to,
incorporates and builds upon the potential of its materials. the selection of the primary
structural material must occur at the beginning of the development of the parti to be
integrated into the design and fine-tuned by the design intentions.
Although steel is inherently a very technical material, from its engineering to its detail-
ing, it is a material whose characteristics have enormous potential for the creation of
dynamic architecture. i maintain that it is more important for architects to have a good
grasp of the nature and detailing of steel systems than it is for them to perform calcula-
tions. Much is to be gained by careful study of exemplary projects as a means to leverage
a better understanding of the potential of steel. Architects must also appreciate the
critical role that is played by the steel fabricator and erector in facilitating the design
of more complex structural systems and articulated details.
i have been teaching building construction at the school of Architecture at the univer-
sity of Waterloo, on, canada since 1983. My approach to teaching has been strongly
based on the review of projects with a mind to understanding and learning from their
ambitions, successes and failures. i have worked with the canadian institute of steel
construction and the steel structures education Foundation of canada to document
exemplary steel projects, including their construction, where possible. the construction
process is a temporary phase. once a building is complete and aspects of the construc-
tion process removed from view, the study of the building structure becomes difficult.
the majority of architectural publications focus on the occupied building and seldom
include exhaustive information about the construction process. Most architectural pho-
tography is commissioned of completed buildings. construction documentation is a long
process that can require a commitment of several years. Most construction images are
taken by site personnel and are not intended for publication. it became my personal
passion to undertake such documentation in order to both personally understand the
process as well as share it with my students.
it was my privilege over the last decade to have the opportunity to document several
projects, largely covering the entire span from groundbreaking to opening, designed
by high-profile architects such as Foster + partners, Frank gehry, studio libeskind,
Antoine predock and Will Alsop. these local projects lend a canadian flavor to several
chapters, as they form a core reference for some of the more detailed fabrication and
erection descriptions.
thanks to the steel fabricators, Walters inc., Benson steel and Mariani Metal for provid-
ing tours of their fabrication plants and to the contractors, pcl constructors, ellisDon
corporation, Vanbots and ledcor for facilitating my access to the sites. thanks to kubes
steel for allowing me to tour their bending facility.
The large custom-fabricated con-
nections at Heathrow Terminal 5 in
London, England by Richard Rogers
are the result of high-level collabora-
tion between the architect, engineer,
fabricator and constructor.
–
8
–
9
the ApproAch oF this Book
it is the intention of this book to provide architects with a different kind of information
about steel, one that places them ahead in understanding the design potential of the
material.
there is a transformative connection between historic developments in iron and steel
technologies over the past 250 years and the evolution of Modern architecture. this con-
nection forms the basis of the brief selected history of the evolution of iron and steel
construction to the present time disbursed throughout the following chapters. the con-
nection between early or precedent-setting innovations in iron and steel, and the evolu-
tion of these methods as they impact current design, fabrication and erection methods,
will inform the approach to understanding each aspect of steel design in contemporary
architectural applications.
this is not a case study text. Many of the projects and buildings used as examples will
be broken apart and their particular aspects discussed in appropriate chapters. some
more detailed, project-based “process profiles” provide the reader with a more compre-
hensive understanding of the detailed design and construction workflow. in addition to
straightforward concepts like concealed structural steel framing, a focus will be on the
design of exposed steel systems, as extrapolations of standard practice, because these
require much more aptitude on the part of the architect, who must now be involved in
the detailed design of systems and connections.
photographs
the majority of the photographs were taken by the author (if no other photo credit has
been assigned). Architecture is experiential and a building cannot be fully understood
by looking at a single “classic” shot. it is hoped that readers will gain some new and
different insights into steel construction through the range of projects (both obscure
and renowned) and the varied views. steel construction is about details, and the photos
included will take you as close as possible so that you can begin to understand better
the process and workings of steel design.
the book has been crafted around my first-hand experience of steel buildings. it is my
preference to speak and write about places that i have visited, rather than interpret the
experiences of others. the use of my own photographs also reflects a focus on specific
aspects of projects that are not often included in the images of others. Although many
of the photos for this text have been sourced from my personal teaching collection,
a significant effort was put into widening my international database of images to better
reflect the current state of steel construction around the world.
Drawings and illustrations
steel requires quite detailed drawings to communicate information among team mem-
bers about the structure and connection design. Many illustrations included in the
book have been contributed by fabricators who have been involved in the realization
of many of the projects. these illustrations demonstrate the variety of approaches to
sharing information about the detailing of the steel and the integration of other sys-
tems. Where such drawings or photographs were not available, illustrations have been
created by Vincent hui to provide more detailed and sometimes technical information
about a particular building or method of construction.
the illustrations of the various projects in this book are intentionally devoid of di-
mensional and material size references. they are intended to increase the conceptual
understanding of the types of systems and connection details used in the buildings.
predominant technical terminology follows north American use. european terms have
been incorporated where appropriate.
–
preFAce