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WILEY SERIES IN PROBABILITY AND MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS ESTABLISHED BY WALTER A. SHEWHART AND SAMUEL S. WILKS Editors Ralph A. Bradley, J. Stuart Hunter, David G. Kendall, Rupert G. Miller, Jr., Geoffrey S. Watson Probability and Mathematical Statistics ADLER « The Geometry of Random Fields ANDERSON: The Statistical Analysis of Time Series ANDERSON : An Introduction to Multivariate Statistical Analysis ARAUJO and GINE = The Central Limit Theorem for Real and Banach Valued Random Variables - MA he ~--r Models and Multivariate Analysis BREMNER, and BRUNK : Statistical ¢ Z L iB RA RY Pal Tater Second Edition “nversiy ofWales [SON ° Statistical Concepts and Methods | Measure ETMAN ° Foundations of Inference in tatistics S cle nce yility, Volumes I and II robability Theory and Its Applications, xed; Volume II, Second Edition ‘tical Time Series nce 1 Introduction s Wee ADOW : Sample Survey Methods and ochastic Geometry atical Statistics, Fourth Edition [m| y f ge (2 | ern Approach to Statistics cesses and Applications irkov Chains G wyd dqO Nn aet h Characterization Problems in Mathe- ‘ochastic Analysis UWCC PO BOX 430 CARDIFF CF1 3XT ility Theory x ability Theory and Statistical Inference, LF 117/1195 ees oeoeT eee FLDYO LICSES LEHMANN : Theory of Point Estimation MATTHES, KERSTAN, and MECKE: Infinitely Divisible Point Processes MUIRHEAD : Aspects of Multivariate Statistical Theory PARZEN * Modern Probability Theory and Its Applications PURI and SEN + Nonparametric Methods in Multivariate Analysis elie and WOLFE = Introduction to the Theory of Nonparametric tatistics RAO = Linear Statistical Inference and Its Application, Second Edition ROHATGI : An Introduction to Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics ROSS » Stochastic Processes RUBINSTEIN : Simulation and The Monte Carlo Method Probability and } 160 546070 3 SCHEFFE SEBER = Li SEN + Sequ ll || | and Statistical Inference SERFLINC Statistics TJUR »* Probability Based on Radon Measures WILLIAMS : Diffusions, Markov Processes, and Martingales, Volume I: Banundatianc A i i k Please return on or before the last Nn date stamped below. Charges are made for late return. LW CARDIFF UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES, PO BOX 430, CARDIFF CF1 3XT LF 114/0796 DANIEL * Applicauions OI Statistics to Industrial Experimentation DANIEL asd WOOD - Fitting Equations to Data: Computer Analysis of Multifictor Data, Second Edition DAVID = Oder Statistics, Second Edition DAVISON ' Multidimensional Scaling continued on back Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data Analysis Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2022 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation https://archive.org/details/understandingrob0000unse Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data Analysis Edited by DAVID C. HOAGLIN Harvard University and Abt Associates Inc. FREDERICK MOSTELLER Harvard University JOHN W. TUKEY Princeton University and Bell Laboratories John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York - Chichester - Brisbane - Toronto + Singapore Copyright © 1983 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Main entry under title: Understanding robust and exploratory data anlaysis. (Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics. Applied probability and statistics, ISSN 0271-6356) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Mathematical statistics. I. Hoaglin, David Caster, 1944— II. Mosteller, Frederick, 1916-_ . III. Tukey, John Wilder, 1915-_ . IV. Series. QA276.U5 1982 519.5 82-8528 ISBN 0-471-09777-2 AACR2 Printed in the United States of America 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 To the memory of . William G. Cochran _~ ‘ereaga9 ,W D by £ ' eae