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Graduate Texts in Physics Steven L. Garrett Understanding Acoustics An Experimentalist’s View of Sound and Vibration Second Edition Graduate Texts in Physics SeriesEditors Kurt H. Becker, NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA Jean-MarcDiMeglio,MatièreetSystèmesComplexes,BâtimentCondorcet, UniversitéParisDiderot,Paris,France Sadri Hassani, Department of Physics, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA MortenHjorth-Jensen,DepartmentofPhysics,Blindern,UniversityofOslo, Oslo,Norway BillMunro,NTTBasicResearchLaboratories,Atsugi,Japan WilliamT.Rhodes,DepartmentofComputerandElectricalEngineeringand ComputerScience,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,BocaRaton,FL,USA SusanScott,AustralianNationalUniversity,Acton,Australia H.EugeneStanley,CenterforPolymerStudies,PhysicsDepartment,Boston University,Boston,MA,USA Martin Stutzmann, Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich,Garching,Germany AndreasWipf,Institute ofTheoretical Physics,Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena,Jena,Germany Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/8431 TheASAPress ASAPress,whichrepresentsacollaborationbetweentheAcousticalSociety ofAmericaandSpringerNature,isdedicatedtoencouragingthepublication ofimportantnewbooksaswellasthedistributionofclassictitlesinacoustics. Thesetitles,publishedunderadualASAPress/Springerimprint,areintended toreflectthefullrangeofresearchinacoustics.ASAPresstitlescaninclude alltypesofbooksthatSpringerpublishes,andmayappearinanyappropriate Springerbookseries. EditorialBoard MarkF.Hamilton(Chair),UniversityofTexasatAustin JamesCottingham,CoeCollege TimothyF.Duda,WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution RobinGlosemeyerPetrone,ThresholdAcoustics WilliamM.Hartmann(ExOfficio),MichiganStateUniversity DarleneR.Ketten,BostonUniversity JamesF.Lynch(ExOfficio),WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution PhilipL.Marston,WashingtonStateUniversity ArthurN.Popper(ExOfficio),UniversityofMaryland ChristineH.Shadle,HaskinsLaboratories G.ChristopherStecker,BoysTownNationalResearchHospital StephenC.Thompson,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity NingXiang,RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute Steven L. Garrett Understanding Acoustics ’ An Experimentalist s View of Sound and Vibration Second Edition StevenL.Garrett PineGroveMills,PA,USA ISSN1868-4513 ISSN1868-4521 (electronic) GraduateTextsinPhysics ISBN978-3-030-44786-1 ISBN978-3-030-44787-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44787-8 #TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2020 JointlypublishedwithASAPress Thisbookisanopenaccesspublication. OpenAccessThisbookislicensedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0 InternationalLicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/),whichpermitsuse,sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commonslicenseandindicateifchangesweremade. Theimagesorotherthirdpartymaterialinthisbookareincludedinthebook'sCreativeCommons license,unlessindicatedotherwiseinacreditlinetothematerial.Ifmaterialisnotincludedinthe book'sCreativeCommonslicenseandyourintendeduseisnotpermittedbystatutoryregulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationin thisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremains neutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland For Izzy, Moe, Seth, and Greg The Acoustical Society of America On 27 December 1928 a group of scientists and engineers met at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York City to discuss organizing a society dedicatedtothefieldofacoustics.Plansdevelopedrapidly,andtheAcoustical Society of America (ASA) held its first meeting on 10–11 May 1929 with a chartermembershipofabout450.Today,ASAhasaworldwidemembership ofabout7000. Thescopeofthisnewsocietyincorporatedabroadrangeoftechnicalareas that continues to be reflected in ASA’s present-day endeavors. Today, ASA serves the interests of its members and the acoustics community in all branches of acoustics, both theoretical and applied. To achieve this goal, ASAhasestablishedTechnicalCommitteeschargedwithkeepingabreastof the developments and needs of membership in specialized fields, as well as identifyingnewonesastheydevelop. The Technical Committees include acoustical oceanography, animal bio- acoustics, architectural acoustics, biomedical acoustics, engineering acous- tics, musical acoustics, noise, physical acoustics, psychological and physiological acoustics, signal processing in acoustics, speech communica- tion,structuralacousticsandvibration,andunderwateracoustics.Thisdiver- sity is one of the Society’s unique and strongest assets since it so strongly fosters and encourages cross-disciplinary learning, collaboration, and interactions. ASApublicationsandmeetingsincorporatethediversityoftheseTechni- cal Committees. In particular, publications play a major role in the Society. TheJournaloftheAcousticalSocietyofAmerica(JASA)includescontributed papersandpatentreviews.JASAExpressLetters(JASA-EL)andProceedings of Meetings on Acoustics (POMA) are online, open-access publications, offeringrapidpublication.AcousticsToday,publishedquarterly,isapopular open-access magazine. Other key features of ASA’s publishing program includebooks,reprintsofclassicacousticstexts,andvideos.ASA’sbiannual meetings offer opportunities for attendees to share information, with strong supportthroughoutthecareercontinuum,fromstudentstoretirees.Meetings incorporate many opportunities for professional and social interactions, and attendees find the personal contacts a rewarding experience. These experiences result in building a robust network of fellow scientists and engineers,manyofwhombecomelifelongfriendsandcolleagues. vii viii TheAcousticalSocietyofAmerica From the Society’s inception, members recognized the importance of developing acoustical standards with a focus on terminology, measurement procedures,andcriteriafordeterminingtheeffectsofnoiseandvibration.The ASAStandardsProgramservesastheSecretariatforfourAmericanNational Standards Institute Committees and provides administrative support for sev- eralinternationalstandardscommittees. Throughoutitshistorytopresentday,ASA’sstrengthresidesinattracting theinterestandcommitmentofscholarsdevotedtopromotingtheknowledge and practical applications of acoustics. The unselfish activity of these individuals in the development of the Society is largely responsible for ASA’sgrowthandpresentstature. Preface to the Second Edition I was very pleased by the reviews1,2 of Understanding Acoustics and by the positive reception that it received from many of my colleagues and former students.ThetextbookwaswrittentopreservetheperspectivethatIadopted fromfourofthegreatestphysicistsworkinginacousticsandvibrationduring thesecond-halfofthetwentiethcentury:IsadoreRudnickandSethPutterman at UCLA, Martin Greenspan at the National Bureau of Standards, and Greg SwiftatLosAlamosNationalLaboratory. Several of my colleagues taught courses from the first edition and were kind enough to provide me with feedback that included lists of errors and recommendationsforimprovements.Myinitialpleasurewastemperedbymy remorseforlettingsomanyerrorsslipintothefirsteditionthatcouldonlybe designatedas“sloppy.”Thissecondeditionisparticularlyindebtedtoerrors identifiedbyBrianAndersonwhohasusedthefirsteditiontoteachmorethan oneacoustics class atBrigham YoungUniversity, toGuillaume Dutilleux at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, to S. Hales Swift at ArgonneNationalLaboratory,toMarkHamiltonwhocorrectedsomehistori- calerrorsinChap.15onnonlinearacoustics,andtoGregSwiftwhomadea criticalreadingofChaps.7,8,9and10thatnotonlyidentifiederrorsbutalso updatedthematerialontheuseoftheDELTAECsoftware.Gregalsosuggested the major revision in the mathematical notation that appears in the second edition explicitly distinguishing among scalars, vectors, functions, complex variables,andlinearacousticamplitudesthatarenowdesignatedbyphasors. Thestructure andcontentofthefirsteditionhavebeenpreserved,butthe second edition includes some new topics (e.g., the unbaffled piston in Sect. 12.9),newreferences,newproblems,andsomeimprovedfiguresandtables. Also,theindextothefirstedition,whichwasgenerated“automatically,”was deemednearlyuseless,soItookituponmyselftowritemyownindexforthe second edition, which has the two-level structure that was common among earlier textbooks. I hope this will improve my textbook by making it more usefulasareferencebook,especiallyforthosewhouseditinclasses. I am grateful to the ASA for providing content editors to improve my manuscriptforthissecondedition.Iamhonoredbythefactthatthechairman 1P.Joseph,PhysicsToday70(10),61(2017). 2M.Kleiner,J.AudioEng.Soc.65(11),972(2017). ix x PrefacetotheSecondEdition oftheASABooksCommittee,MarkHamilton,agreedtoeditmyfinalchapter onnonlinearacousticshimselfandapprovedthreeothermemberstoeditthe remaining chapters: Julian (Jay) D. Maynard covered the first six chapters, Greg Swift covered Chaps. 7, 8, 9 and 10, and Preston Wilson covered Chaps. 11, 12, 13 and 14. Of those four, three have received the Silver MedalinPhysicalAcoustics;theASA’shighesthonorforscientificachieve- ment, and Preston was just awarded the ASA’s Rossing Prize in Acoustics Education.Allfourmadesignificantandvaluablecontributionstothemanu- script and identified many of my errors and ambiguities. I don’t think any otherauthorofanyacousticstextbookeverhadthebenefitofinputfromsuch anaccomplishedandknowledgeablequartet.Thankyou,gentlemen! As with the first edition, I am grateful for the support of the Paul S. Veneklasen Research Foundation, in Santa Monica, California. Their support for this textbook is not unrelated to the fact that the home office of VeneklasenAssociatesisashortdistancefromthePhysicsDepartmentonthe campusofUCLA.WhenIwasconsideringwritingthistextbook,twoofthe VeneklasenFoundationBoardMembers,JohnLoVerdeandDavidLubman, weremostencouraging.TheyfeltthatanacousticstextwiththeUCLA“West Coast” perspective would provide an interesting and potentially valuable alternative to the more theory-based, mid-Atlantic view of the traditional EastCoastandBritishauthors. The generosity of the Veneklasen Foundation has allowed Springer to make this second edition an “open-access” textbook—it is available for free downloadworldwide,andprintedversionswillbeavailableatasubstantially reduced price. Their timing could not have been better since this second editionwillbepublishedduringtheInternationalYearofSound20203. PineGroveMills,PA,USA StevenL.Garrett 3L.K.Jones,“PreparingfortheInternationalYearofSound2020,”AcousticsToday15(4), 68–69(2019).
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