Underground Spaces : Design, Engineering and Environmental Aspects PDF
Preview Underground Spaces : Design, Engineering and Environmental Aspects
Underground Spaces WIT Press publishes leading books in Science and Technology. Visit our website for the current list of titles. www.witpress.com WIT eLibrary Home of the Transactions of the Wessex Institute. Papers presented at Underground Spaces 2008 are archived in the WIT eLibrary in volume 102 of WIT Transactions on The Built Environment (ISSN 1743-3509). The WIT eLibrary provides the international scientific community with immediate and permanent access to individual papers presented at WIT conferences. Visit the WIT eLibrary at www.witpress.com. FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON UNDERGROUND SPACES – DESIGN, ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS Underground Spaces C C ONFERENCE HAIRMEN C.A. Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology, UK D. Kaliampakos National Technical University of Athens, Greece P. Prochazka Czech Technical University, Prague I S A C NTERNATIONAL CIENTIFIC DVISORY OMMITTEE A. Benardos V. Dolezel M. Kaminski G. Ma P. Paulini V. Popov R. Pusch J. Zhao H. Zhu Organised by Wessex Institute of Technology, UK Sponsored by WIT Transactions on the Built Environment WIT Transactions Transactions Editor Carlos Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst Southampton SO40 7AA, UK Email: [email protected] Editorial Board B Abersek University of Maribor, Slovenia M P Bekakos Democritus University of Y N Abousleiman University of Oklahoma, Thrace, Greece USA G Belingardi Politecnico di Torino, Italy P L Aguilar University of Extremadura, R Belmans Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Spain Belgium K S Al Jabri Sultan Qaboos University, C D Bertram The University of New South Oman Wales, Australia E Alarcon Universidad Politecnica de D E Beskos University of Patras, Greece Madrid, Spain S K Bhattacharyya Indian Institute of A Aldama IMTA, Mexico Technology, India C Alessandri Universita di Ferrara, Italy E Blums Latvian Academy of Sciences, D Almorza Gomar University of Cadiz, Latvia Spain J Boarder Cartref Consulting Systems, UK B Alzahabi Kettering University, USA B Bobee Institut National de la Recherche J A C Ambrosio IDMEC, Portugal Scientifique, Canada A M Amer Cairo University, Egypt H Boileau ESIGEC, France S A Anagnostopoulos University of Patras, J J Bommer Imperial College London, UK Greece M Bonnet Ecole Polytechnique, France M Andretta Montecatini, Italy C A Borrego University of Aveiro, Portugal E Angelino A.R.P.A. Lombardia, Italy A R Bretones University of Granada, Spain H Antes Technische Universitat J A Bryant University of Exeter, UK Braunschweig, Germany F-G Buchholz Universitat M A Atherton South Bank University, UK Gesanthochschule Paderborn, Germany A G Atkins University of Reading, UK M B Bush The University of Western D Aubry Ecole Centrale de Paris, France Australia, Australia H Azegami Toyohashi University of F Butera Politecnico di Milano, Italy Technology, Japan J Byrne University of Portsmouth, UK A F M Azevedo University of Porto, W Cantwell Liverpool University, UK Portugal D J Cartwright Bucknell University, USA J Baish Bucknell University, USA P G Carydis National Technical University J M Baldasano Universitat Politecnica de of Athens, Greece Catalunya, Spain J J Casares Long Universidad de Santiago J G Bartzis Institute of Nuclear de Compostela, Spain, Technology, Greece M A Celia Princeton University, USA A Bejan Duke University, USA A Chakrabarti Indian Institute of Science, India S K Chakrabarti Offshore Structure J Dominguez University of Seville, Spain Analysis, USA K Dorow Pacific Northwest National A H-D Cheng University of Mississippi, Laboratory, USA USA W Dover University College London, UK J Chilton University of Lincoln, UK C Dowlen South Bank University, UK C-L Chiu University of Pittsburgh, USA J P du Plessis University of Stellenbosch, H Choi Kangnung National University, South Africa Korea R Duffell University of Hertfordshire, UK A Cieslak Technical University of Lodz, A Ebel University of Cologne, Germany Poland E E Edoutos Democritus University of S Clement Transport System Centre, Thrace, Greece Australia G K Egan Monash University, Australia M W Collins Brunel University, UK K M Elawadly Alexandria University, Egypt J J Connor Massachusetts Institute of K-H Elmer Universitat Hannover, Germany Technology, USA D Elms University of Canterbury, New M C Constantinou State University of Zealand New York at Buffalo, USA M E M El-Sayed Kettering University, USA D E Cormack University of Toronto, Canada D M Elsom Oxford Brookes University, UK M Costantino Royal Bank of Scotland, UK A El-Zafrany Cranfield University, UK D F Cutler Royal Botanic Gardens, UK F Erdogan Lehigh University, USA W Czyczula Krakow University of F P Escrig University of Seville, Spain Technology, Poland D J Evans Nottingham Trent University, M da Conceicao Cunha University of UK Coimbra, Portugal J W Everett Rowan University, USA A Davies University of Hertfordshire, UK M Faghri University of Rhode Island, USA M Davis Temple University, USA R A Falconer Cardiff University, UK A B de Almeida Instituto Superior Tecnico, M N Fardis University of Patras, Greece Portugal P Fedelinski Silesian Technical University, E R de Arantes e Oliveira Instituto Poland Superior Tecnico, Portugal H J S Fernando Arizona State University, L De Biase University of Milan, Italy USA R de Borst Delft University of Technology, S Finger Carnegie Mellon University, USA Netherlands J I Frankel University of Tennessee, USA G De Mey University of Ghen t, Belgium D M Fraser University of Cape Town, South A De Montis Universita di Cagliari, Italy Africa A De Naeyer Universiteit Ghent, Belgium M J Fritzler University of Calgary, Canada W P De Wilde Vrije Universiteit Brussel, U Gabbert Otto-von-Guericke Universitat Belgium Magdeburg, Germany L Debnath University of Texas-Pan G Gambolati Universita di Padova, Italy American, USA C J Gantes National Technical University N J Dedios Mimbela Universidad de of Athens, Greece Cordoba, Spain L Gaul Universitat Stuttgart, Germany G Degrande Katholieke Universiteit A Genco University of Palermo, Italy Leuven, Belgium N Georgantzis Universitat Jaume I, Spain S del Giudice University of Udine, Italy G S Gipson Oklahoma State University, G Deplano Universita di Cagliari, Italy USA I Doltsinis University of Stuttgart, P Giudici Universita di Pavia, Italy Germany F Gomez Universidad Politecnica de M Domaszewski Universite de Technologie Valencia, Spain de Belfort-Montbeliard, France R Gomez Martin University of Granada, Y Jaluria Rutgers University, USA Spain C M Jefferson University of the West of D Goulias University of Maryland, USA England, UK K G Goulias Pennsylvania State University, P R Johnston Griffith University, Australia USA D R H Jones University of Cambridge, UK F Grandori Politecnico di Milano, Italy N Jones University of Liverpool, UK W E Grant Texas A & M University, USA D Kaliampakos National Technical S Grilli University of Rhode Island, USA University of Athens, Greece R H J Grimshaw, Loughborough N Kamiya Nagoya University, Japan University, UK D L Karabalis University of Patras, Greece D Gross Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, M Karlsson Linkoping University, Sweden Germany T Katayama Doshisha University, Japan R Grundmann Technische Universitat Dresden, Germany K L Katsifarakis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece A Gualtierotti IDHEAP, Switzerland J T Katsikadelis National Technical R C Gupta National University of University of Athens, Greece Singapore, Singapore E Kausel Massachusetts Institute of J M Hale University of Newcastle, UK Technology, USA K Hameyer Katholieke Universiteit H Kawashima The University of Tokyo, Leuven, Belgium Japan C Hanke Danish Technical University, B A Kazimee Washington State University, Denmark USA K Hayami National Institute of S Kim University of Wisconsin-Madison, Informatics, Japan USA Y Hayashi Nagoya University, Japan D Kirkland Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners L Haydock Newage International Limited, Ltd, UK UK E Kita Nagoya University, Japan A H Hendrickx Free University of Brussels, A S Kobayashi University of Washington, Belgium USA C Herman John Hopkins University, USA T Kobayashi University of Tokyo, Japan S Heslop University of Bristol, UK D Koga Saga University, Japan I Hideaki Nagoya University, Japan A Konrad University of Toronto, Canada D A Hills University of Oxford, UK S Kotake University of Tokyo, Japan W F Huebner Southwest Rese arch Institute, A N Kounadis National Technical USA University of Athens, Greece J A C Humphrey Bucknell University, USA W B Kratzig Ruhr Universitat Bochum, M Y Hussaini Florida State University, USA Germany W Hutchinson Edith Cowan University, T Krauthammer Penn State University, Australia USA T H Hyde University of Nottingham, UK C-H Lai University of Greenwich, UK M Iguchi Science University of Tokyo, M Langseth Norwegian University of Japan Science and Technology, Norway D B Ingham University of Leeds, UK B S Larsen Technical University of L Int Panis VITO Expertisecentrum IMS, Denmark, Denmark Belgium F Lattarulo, Politecnico di Bari, Italy N Ishikawa National Defence Academy, A Lebedev Moscow State University, Russia Japan L J Leon University of Montreal, Canada J Jaafar UiTm, Malaysia D Lewis Mississippi State University, USA W Jager Technical University of Dresden, S lghobashi University of California Irvine, Germany USA K-C Lin University of New Brunswick, N Milic-Frayling Microsoft Research Ltd, Canada UK A A Liolios Democritus University of R A W Mines University of Liverpool, UK Thrace, Greece C A Mitchell University of Sydney, S Lomov Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Australia Belgium K Miura Kajima Corporation, Japan J W S Longhurst University of the West A Miyamoto Yamaguchi University, Japan of England, UK T Miyoshi Kobe University, Japan G Loo The University of Auckland, New G Molinari University of Genoa, Italy Zealand J Lourenco Universidade do Minho, T B Moodie University of Alberta, Canada Portugal D B Murray Trinity College Dublin, Ireland J E Luco University of California at San G Nakhaeizadeh DaimlerChrysler AG, Diego, USA Germany H Lui State Seismological Bureau Harbin, M B Neace Mercer University, USA China D Necsulescu University of Ottawa, Canada C J Lumsden University of Toronto, F Neumann University of Vienna, Austria Canada S-I Nishida Saga University, Japan L Lundqvist Division of Transport and H Nisitani Kyushu Sangyo University, Location Analysis, Sweden Japan T Lyons Murdoch University, Australia B Notaros University of Massachusetts, Y-W Mai University of Sydney, Australia USA M Majowiecki University of Bologna, Italy P O’Donoghue University College Dublin, Ireland D Malerba Università degli Studi di Bari, Italy R O O’Neill Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA G Manara University of Pisa, Italy M Ohkusu Kyushu University, Japan B N Mandal Indian Statistical Institute, India G Oliveto Universitá di Catania, Italy Ü Mander University of Tartu, Estonia R Olsen Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., USA H A Mang Technische Universitat Wien, E Oñate Universitat Politecnica de Austria, Catalunya, Spain G D, Manolis, Aristotle University of K Onishi Ibaraki University, Japan Thessaloniki, Greece P H Oosthuizen Queens University, Canada W J Mansur COPPE/UFRJ, Brazil E L Ortiz Imperial College London, UK N Marchettini University of Siena, Italy E Outa Waseda University, Japan J D M Marsh Griffith University, Australia A S Papageorgiou Rensselaer Polytechnic J F Martin-Duque Universidad Institute, USA Complutense, Spain J Park Seoul National University, Korea T Matsui Nagoya University, Japan G Passerini Universita delle Marche, Italy G Mattrisch DaimlerChrysler AG, Germany B C Patten, University of Georgia, USA F M Mazzolani University of Naples G Pelosi University of Florence, Italy “Federico II”, Italy G G Penelis, Aristotle University of K McManis University of New Orleans, Thessaloniki, Greece USA W Perrie Bedford Institute of A C Mendes Universidade de Beira Interior, Oceanography, Canada Portugal, R Pietrabissa Politecnico di Milano, Italy R A Meric Research Institute for Basic H Pina Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal Sciences, Turkey M F Platzer Naval Postgraduate School, J Mikielewicz Polish Academy of Sciences, USA Poland D Poljak University of Split, Croatia V Popov Wessex Institute of Technology, M Saiidi University of Nevada-Reno, USA UK R San Jose Technical University of Madrid, H Power University of Nottingham, UK Spain D Prandle Proudman Oceanographic F J Sanchez-Sesma Instituto Mexicano del Laboratory, UK Petroleo, Mexico M Predeleanu University Paris VI, France B Sarler Nova Gorica Polytechnic, Slovenia M R I Purvis University of Portsmouth, UK S A Savidis Technische Universitat Berlin, I S Putra Institute of Technology Bandung, Germany Indonesia A Savini Universita de Pavia, Italy Y A Pykh Russian Academy of Sciences, G Schmid Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Russia Germany F Rachidi EMC Group, Switzerland R Schmidt RWTH Aachen, Germany M Rahman Dalhousie University, Canada B Scholtes Universitaet of Kassel, Germany K R Rajagopal Texas A & M University, W Schreiber University of Alabama, USA USA A P S Selvadurai McGill University, Canada T Rang Tallinn Technical University, J J Sendra University of Seville, Spain Estonia J J Sharp Memorial University of J Rao Case Western Reserve University, Newfoundland, Canada USA Q Shen Massachusetts Institute of A M Reinhorn State University of New Technology, USA York at Buffalo, USA X Shixiong Fudan University, China A D Rey McGill University, Canada G C Sih Lehigh University, USA D N Riahi University of Illinois at Urbana- L C Simoes University of Coimbra, Champaign, USA Portugal B Ribas Spanish National Centre for Environmental Health, Spain A C Singhal Arizona State University, USA P Skerget University of Maribor, Slovenia K Richter Graz University of Technology, Austria J Sladek Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia S Rinaldi Politecnico di Milano, Italy V Sladek Slovak Academy of Sciences, F Robuste Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain Slovakia A C M Sousa University of New Brunswick, J Roddick Flinders University, Australia Canada A C Rodrigues Universidade Nova de H Sozer Illinois Institute of Technology, Lisboa, Portugal USA F Rodrigues Poly Institute of Porto, D B Spalding CHAM, UK Portugal P D Spanos Rice University, USA C W Roeder University of Washington, USA T Speck Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet Freiburg, Germany J M Roesset Texas A & M University, USA W Roetzel Universitaet der Bundeswehr C C Spyrakos National Technical University of Athens, Greece Hamburg, Germany I V Stangeeva St Petersburg University, V Roje University of Split, Croatia Russia R Rosset Laboratoire d’Aerologie, France J Stasiek Technical University of Gdansk, J L Rubio Centro de Investigaciones sobre Poland Desertificacion, Spain G E Swaters University of Alberta, Canada T J Rudolphi Iowa State University, USA S Syngellakis University of Southampton, S Russenchuck Magnet Group, Switzerland UK H Ryssel Fraunhofer Institut Integrierte J Szmyd University of Mining and Schaltungen, Germany Metallurgy, Poland S G Saad American University in Cairo, S T Tadano Hokkaido University, Japan Egypt H Takemiya Okayama University, Japan P Vas University of Aberdeen, UK I Takewaki Kyoto University, Japan W S Venturini University of Sao Paulo, C-L Tan Carleton University, Canada Brazil M Tanaka Shinshu University, Japan R Verhoeven Ghent University, Belgium E Taniguchi Kyoto University, Japan A Viguri Universitat Jaume I, Spain S Tanimura Aichi University of Y Villacampa Esteve Universidad de Technology, Japan Alicante, Spain J L Tassoulas University of Texas at Austin, F F V Vincent University of Bath, UK USA S Walker Imperial College, UK M A P Taylor University of South Australia, G Walters University of Exeter, UK Australia B Weiss University of Vienna, Austria A Terranova Politecnico di Milano, Italy H Westphal University of Magdeburg, E Tiezzi University of Siena, Italy Germany A G Tijhuis Technische Universiteit J R Whiteman Brunel University, UK Eindhoven, Netherlands Z-Y Yan Peking University, China T Tirabassi Institute FISBAT-CNR, Italy S Yanniotis Agricultural University of S Tkachenko Otto-von-Guericke- Athens, Greece University, Germany A Yeh University of Hong Kong, China N Tosaka Nihon University, Japan J Yoon Old Dominion University, USA T Tran-Cong University of Southern K Yoshizato Hiroshima University, Japan Queensland, Australia T X Yu Hong Kong University of Science & R Tremblay Ecole Polytechnique, Canada Technology, Hong Kong I Tsukrov University of New Hampshire, M Zador Technical University of Budapest, USA Hungary R Turra CINECA Interuniversity Computing K Zakrzewski Politechnika Lodzka, Poland Centre, Italy M Zamir University of Western Ontario, S G Tushinski Moscow State University, Canada Russia R Zarnic University of Ljubljana, Slovenia J-L Uso Universitat Jaume I, Spain G Zharkova Institute of Theoretical and E Van den Bulck Katholieke Universiteit Applied Mechanics, Russia Leuven, Belgium N Zhong Maebashi Institute of Technology, D Van den Poel Ghent University, Belgium Japan R van der Heijden Radboud University, H G Zimmermann Siemens AG, Germany Netherlands R van Duin Delft University of Technology, Netherlands Underground Spaces Design, Engineering and Environmental Aspects Editors C.A. Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology, UK D. Kaliampakos National Tec hnical University of Athens, Greece P. Prochazka Czech Technical University, Prague
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