Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web II: International Workshops URSW 2008-2010 Held at ISWC and UniDL 2010 Held at FLoC, Revised Selected Papers PDF
Preview Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web II: International Workshops URSW 2008-2010 Held at ISWC and UniDL 2010 Held at FLoC, Revised Selected Papers
Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 7123 Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science LNAISeriesEditors RandyGoebel UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Canada YuzuruTanaka HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Japan WolfgangWahlster DFKIandSaarlandUniversity,Saarbrücken,Germany LNAIFoundingSeriesEditor JoergSiekmann DFKIandSaarlandUniversity,Saarbrücken,Germany Fernando Bobillo Paulo C.G. Costa Claudia d’Amato Nicola Fanizzi Kathryn B. Laskey Kenneth J. Laskey Thomas Lukasiewicz Matthias Nickles Michael Pool (Eds.) Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web II International Workshops URSW 2008-2010 Held at ISWC and UniDL 2010 Held at FLoC Revised Selected Papers 1 3 SeriesEditors RandyGoebel,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Canada JörgSiekmann,UniversityofSaarland,Saarbrücken,Germany WolfgangWahlster,DFKIandUniversityofSaarland,Saarbrücken,Germany VolumeEditors FernandoBobillo UniversityofZaragoza,Spain,E-mail:[email protected] PauloC.G.Costa KathrynB.Laskey GeorgeMasonUniversity,Fairfax,VA,USA,E-mail:{pcosta,klaskey}@gmu.edu Claudiad’Amato NicolaFanizzi UniversitàdegliStudidiBari,Italy,E-mail:{claudia.damato,nicola.fanizzi}@uniba.it KennethJ.Laskey MITRECorporation,McLean,VA,USA,E-mail:[email protected] ThomasLukasiewicz UniversityofOxford,UK,E-mail:[email protected] MatthiasNickles TechnischeUniversitätMünchen,Garching,Germany,E-mail:[email protected] MichaelPool GoldmanSachs,JerseyCity,NJ,USA,E-mail:[email protected] ISSN0302-9743 e-ISSN1611-3349 ISBN978-3-642-35974-3 e-ISBN978-3-642-35975-0 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-35975-0 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012954778 CRSubjectClassification(1998):I.2.3-4,I.2.6,H.3.5,H.5.3,F.4.1,G.3 LNCSSublibrary:SL7–ArtificialIntelligence ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliable toprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface This is the second volume on “Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web,” containing revised and significantly extended versions of selected workshop pa- pers presented at three workshops on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web (URSW), held at the International Semantic Web Conferences (ISWC) in 2008, 2009, and 2010, or presented at the First International Workshop on Un- certainty in Description Logics (UniDL) in 2010. The first volume contained the proceedings of the first three workshops on URSW at ISWC in 2005, 2006, and 2007. The two volumes together represent a comprehensive compilation of state- of-the-art research approaches to uncertainty reasoning in the context of the Semantic Web, capturing different models of uncertainty and approaches to de- ductive as well as inductive reasoning with uncertain formal knowledge. TheWorldWideWebcommunityenvisionseffortlessinteractionbetweenhu- mansandcomputers,seamlessinteroperabilityandinformationexchangeamong Webapplications,andrapidandaccurateidentificationandinvocationofappro- priateWebservices.Asworkwithsemanticsandservicesgrowsmoreambitious, there is increasingappreciationofthe needfor principledapproachesto the for- mal representation of and reasoning under uncertainty. The term uncertainty is intended here to encompass a variety of forms of incomplete knowledge, in- cludingincompleteness,inconclusiveness,vagueness,ambiguity,andothers.The termuncertaintyreasoningismeanttodenotethefullrangeofmethodsdesigned for representing and reasoning with knowledge when Boolean truth values are unknown,unknowable,orinapplicable.Commonlyappliedapproachesto uncer- tainty reasoninginclude probability theory,Dempster-Shafer theory,fuzzy logic and possibility theory, and numerous other methodologies. A few Web-relevant challengesthat are addressedby reasoningunder uncer- tainty include: Uncertainty of available information: Much information on the World Wide Web is uncertain. Examples include weather forecasts or gambling odds. Canonical methods for representing and integrating such information are necessary for communicating it in a seamless fashion. Information incompleteness: Information extracted from large information networks such as the World Wide Web is typically incomplete. The ability to exploitpartialinformationis very useful for identifying sourcesof service orinformation.Forexample,thatanonlineservicedealswithgreetingcards may be evidence that it also sells stationery. It is clear that search effec- tiveness could be improved by appropriate use of technologies for handling uncertainty. Information incorrectness: Web information is also often incorrect or only partially correct, raising issues related to trust or credibility. Uncertainty VI Preface representation and reasoning helps to resolve tension among information sources having different confidence and trust levels, and can facilitate the merging of controversialinformation obtained from multiple sources. Uncertain ontology mappings: The Semantic Web vision implies that nu- merous distinct but conceptually overlapping ontologies will co-exist and interoperate.It is likely that in such scenarios,ontology mapping will bene- fitfromthe ability to representdegreesofmembershipand/orlikelihoodsof membershipincategoriesofatargetontology,giveninformationaboutclass membership in the source ontologies. IndefiniteinformationaboutWebservices: DynamiccomposabilityofWeb services will require runtime identification of processing and data resources andresolutionofpolicyobjectives.Uncertaintyreasoningtechniquesmaybe necessarytoresolvesituationsinwhichexistinginformationisnotdefinitive. Uncertainty is thus an intrinsic feature of many important tasks on the Web andtheSemanticWeb,andafullrealizationoftheWorldWideWebasasource of processable data and services demands formalisms capable of representing and reasoning under uncertainty. Unfortunately, none of these needs can be ad- dressed in a principled way by current Web standards. Although it is to some degree possible to use semantic mark-up languages such as OWL or RDF(S) to representqualitativeandquantitativeinformationaboutuncertainty,thereisno establishedfoundationfordoingso,andfeasibleapproachesareseverelylimited. Furthermore, there are ancillary issues such as how to balance representational power vs. simplicity of uncertainty representations,which uncertainty represen- tation techniques address uses such as the examples listed above,how to ensure the consistency of representational formalisms and ontologies,etc. Inresponseto these pressingdemands,inrecentyears,severalpromisingap- proachestouncertaintyreasoningontheSemanticWebhavebeenproposed.The present volume covers a representative cross section of these approaches, from extensionstoexistingWeb-relatedlogicsfortherepresentationofuncertaintyto approaches to inductive reasoning under uncertainty on the Web. In order to reflect the diversity of the presented approaches and to relate themtotheirunderlyingmodelsofuncertainty,thecontributionstothisvolume are grouped as follows: Probabilistic and Dempster-Shafer Models Probabilitytheoryprovidesamathematicallysoundrepresentationlanguageand formal calculus for rational degrees of belief, which gives different agents the freedom to have different beliefs about a given hypothesis. As this provides a compelling framework for representing uncertain, imperfect knowledge that can come from diverse agents, there are many distinct approaches using probabil- ity in the context of the Semantic Web. Classes of probabilistic models covered with the present volume are Bayesian networks, probabilistic extensions to de- scriptionandfirst-orderlogics,andmodelsbasedontheDempster-Shafertheory (a generalization of the classic Bayesian approach). Preface VII Fuzzy and Possibilistic Models Fuzzy formalisms allow for the representing and processing of degrees of truth about vague (or imprecise) pieces of information. In fuzzy description logics and ontology languages, concept assertions, role assertions, concept inclusions, and role inclusions have a degree of truth rather than a binary truth value. The present volume presents various approaches that exploit fuzzy logic and possibility theory in the context of the Semantic Web. Inductive Reasoning and Machine Learning Machine learning is supposed to play an increasingly important role in the con- text of the Semantic Web by providing various tasks, such as the learning of ontologies from incomplete data or the (semi-)automatic annotation of data on the Web. Results obtained by machine learning approaches are typically uncer- tain.Asalogic-basedapproachtomachinelearning,inductivereasoningprovides means for inducing general propositions from observations (example facts). Pa- pers in this volume exploit the power of inductive reasoning for the purpose of ontology learning, and project future directions for the use of machine learning on the Semantic Web. Hybrid Approaches This volume segment contains papers that either combine approaches from two or more of the previous segments, or that do not rely on any specific classic approach to uncertainty reasoning. Wewouldliketoexpressourgratitudetotheauthorsofthisvolumefortheir contributions and to the workshopparticipants for inspiring discussions,as well as to the members of the workshop Program Committees and the additional reviewers for their reviews and for their overallsupport. October 2012 Fernando Bobillo Paulo C.G. Costa Claudia d’Amato Nicola Fanizzi Kathryn B. Laskey Kenneth J. Laskey Thomas Lukasiewicz Matthias Nickles Michael Pool Organization Reviewers Saminda Abeyruwan University of Miami, USA Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza,Spain Silvia Calegari University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy Rommel Carvalho George Mason University, USA Paulo C.G. Costa George Mason University, USA Fabio G. Cozman Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Claudia d’Amato University of Bari, Italy Nicola Fanizzi University of Bari, Italy Bart Gajderowicz Ryerson University, Canada Juan Go´mez-Romero Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain PavelKlinov University of Manchester, UK Marcelo Ladeira University of Brasilia, Brazil Kathryn B. Laskey George Mason University, USA Anders L. Madsen Hugin Expert A/S, Denmark Trevor Martin University of Bristol, UK Pasquale Minervini University of Bari, Italy Pierluigi Miraglia Goldman Sachs, USA Matthias Nickles Technische Universita¨t Mu¨nchen, Germany Rafael Pen˜aloza Technische Universita¨t Dresden, Germany Michael Pool Convera Technologies, Inc., USA Livia Predoiu Universita¨t Magdeburg, Germany Guilin Qi Southeast University, China David Robertson University of Edinburgh, UK Daniel Sa´nchez University of Granada, Spain Lutz Schr¨oder Universit¨at Bremen, Germany Nikolaos Simou National Technical University of Athens, Greece PavelSmrˇz Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic Giorgos Stoilos University of Oxford, UK Umberto Straccia ISTI-CNR, Italy Matthias Thimm Universita¨t Koblenz-Landau, Germany Andreas Tolk Old Dominion University, USA Ubbo Visser University of Miami, USA Yining Wu University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg X Organization 4th International Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web (URSW 2008) Organizing Committee Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza,Spain Paulo C.G. Costa George Mason University, USA Claudia d’Amato University of Bari, Italy Nicola Fanizzi University of Bari, Italy Kathryn B. Laskey George Mason University, USA Kenneth J. Laskey MITRE Corporation, USA Thomas Lukasiewicz University of Oxford, UK Trevor Martin University of Bristol, UK Matthias Nickles University of Bath, UK Michael Pool Convera Technologies, Inc., USA PavelSmrˇz Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic Program Committee Ameen Abu-Hanna Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza,Spain Silvia Calegari University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy Paulo C.G. Costa George Mason University, USA Fabio G. Cozman Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Claudia d’Amato University of Bari, Italy Ernesto Damiani University of Milan, Italy Nicola Fanizzi University of Bari, Italy Francis Fung Eduworks,Inc., USA Kathryn B. Laskey George Mason University, USA Kenneth J. Laskey MITRE Corporation, USA Thomas Lukasiewicz University of Oxford, UK Anders L. Madsen Hugin Expert A/S, Denmark M. Scott Marshall Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands Trevor Martin University of Bristol, UK Matthias Nickles University of Bath, UK Yung Peng University of Maryland, USA Michael Pool Convera,Inc., USA Livia Predoiu Universita¨t Mannheim, Germany David Robertson University of Edinburgh, UK Elie Sanchez Universit´e de La M´editerran´eeAix-Marseille II, France Daniel Sa´nchez University of Granada, Spain Nematollaah Shiri Concordia University, Canada Oreste Signore ISTI-CNR, Italy Sergej Sizov University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany PavelSmrˇz Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic Umberto Straccia ISTI-CNR, Italy Organization XI Heiner Stuckenschmidt Universita¨t Mannheim, Germany Masami Takikawa Cleverset, Inc., USA Peter Vojt´aˇs Charles University Prague, Czech Republic Additional Reviewers Ahmed Alasoud Paolo Ceravolo 5th International Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web (URSW 2009) Organizing Committee Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza,Spain Paulo C.G. Costa George Mason University, USA Claudia d’Amato University of Bari, Italy Nicola Fanizzi University of Bari, Italy Kathryn B. Laskey George Mason University, USA Kenneth J. Laskey MITRE Corporation, USA Thomas Lukasiewicz University of Oxford, UK Trevor Martin University of Bristol, UK Matthias Nickles University of Bath, UK Michael Pool Convera Technologies, Inc., USA PavelSmrˇz Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic Program Committee Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza,Spain Silvia Calegari University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy Rommel N. Carvalho George Mason University, USA Paulo C.G. Costa George Mason University, USA Fabio G. Cozman Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Claudia d’Amato University of Bari, Italy Nicola Fanizzi University of Bari, Italy Marcelo Ladeira University of Brasilia, Brazil Kathryn B. Laskey George Mason University, USA Kenneth J. Laskey MITRE Corporation, USA Thomas Lukasiewicz University of Oxford, UK Anders L. Madsen Hugin Expert A/S, Denmark Trevor Martin University of Bristol, UK Matthias Nickles University of Bath, UK Jeff Pan University of Aberdeen, UK Yung Peng University of Maryland, USA Michael Pool Convera,Inc., USA XII Organization Livia Predoiu Universita¨t Mannheim, Germany Guilin Qi University of Karlsruhe, Germany Carlos H. Ribeiro Instituto Tecnolo´gico de Aerona´utica, Brazil David Robertson University of Edinburgh, UK Daniel Sa´nchez University of Granada, Spain Sergej Sizov University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany PavelSmrˇz Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic Giorgos Stoilos National Technical University of Athens, Greece Umberto Straccia ISTI-CNR, Italy Andreas Tolk Old Dominion University, USA Peter Vojt´aˇs Charles University Prague, Czech Republic Johanna Vo¨lker University of Karlsruhe, Germany Additional Reviewer Zhiqiang Gao 6th International Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web (URSW 2010) Organizing Committee Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza,Spain Rommel N. Carvalho George Mason University, USA Paulo C.G. Costa George Mason University, USA Claudia d’Amato University of Bari, Italy Nicola Fanizzi University of Bari, Italy Kathryn B. Laskey George Mason University, USA Kenneth J. Laskey MITRE Corporation, USA Thomas Lukasiewicz University of Oxford, UK Trevor Martin University of Bristol, UK Matthias Nickles University of Bath, UK Michael Pool Vertical Search Works, Inc., USA Program Committee Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza,Spain Rommel N. Carvalho George Mason University, USA Paulo C.G. Costa George Mason University, USA Fabio G. Cozman Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Claudia d’Amato University of Bari, Italy Nicola Fanizzi University of Bari, Italy Marcelo Ladeira University of Brasilia, Brazil Kathryn B. Laskey George Mason University, USA Kenneth J. Laskey MITRE Corporation, USA Thomas Lukasiewicz University of Oxford, UK Trevor Martin University of Bristol, UK
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