Table Of ContentLecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 7123
Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science
LNAISeriesEditors
RandyGoebel
UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Canada
YuzuruTanaka
HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Japan
WolfgangWahlster
DFKIandSaarlandUniversity,Saarbrücken,Germany
LNAIFoundingSeriesEditor
JoergSiekmann
DFKIandSaarlandUniversity,Saarbrücken,Germany
Fernando Bobillo Paulo C.G. Costa
Claudia d’Amato Nicola Fanizzi
Kathryn B. Laskey Kenneth J. Laskey
Thomas Lukasiewicz Matthias Nickles
Michael Pool (Eds.)
Uncertainty Reasoning
for the Semantic Web II
International Workshops
URSW 2008-2010 Held at ISWC
and UniDL 2010 Held at FLoC
Revised Selected Papers
1 3
SeriesEditors
RandyGoebel,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Canada
JörgSiekmann,UniversityofSaarland,Saarbrücken,Germany
WolfgangWahlster,DFKIandUniversityofSaarland,Saarbrücken,Germany
VolumeEditors
FernandoBobillo
UniversityofZaragoza,Spain,E-mail:[email protected]
PauloC.G.Costa
KathrynB.Laskey
GeorgeMasonUniversity,Fairfax,VA,USA,E-mail:{pcosta,klaskey}@gmu.edu
Claudiad’Amato
NicolaFanizzi
UniversitàdegliStudidiBari,Italy,E-mail:{claudia.damato,nicola.fanizzi}@uniba.it
KennethJ.Laskey
MITRECorporation,McLean,VA,USA,E-mail:[email protected]
ThomasLukasiewicz
UniversityofOxford,UK,E-mail:[email protected]
MatthiasNickles
TechnischeUniversitätMünchen,Garching,Germany,E-mail:[email protected]
MichaelPool
GoldmanSachs,JerseyCity,NJ,USA,E-mail:[email protected]
ISSN0302-9743 e-ISSN1611-3349
ISBN978-3-642-35974-3 e-ISBN978-3-642-35975-0
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-35975-0
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012954778
CRSubjectClassification(1998):I.2.3-4,I.2.6,H.3.5,H.5.3,F.4.1,G.3
LNCSSublibrary:SL7–ArtificialIntelligence
©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis
concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,
reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication
orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,
initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliable
toprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,
evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws
andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Preface
This is the second volume on “Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web,”
containing revised and significantly extended versions of selected workshop pa-
pers presented at three workshops on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic
Web (URSW), held at the International Semantic Web Conferences (ISWC) in
2008, 2009, and 2010, or presented at the First International Workshop on Un-
certainty in Description Logics (UniDL) in 2010. The first volume contained
the proceedings of the first three workshops on URSW at ISWC in 2005, 2006,
and 2007.
The two volumes together represent a comprehensive compilation of state-
of-the-art research approaches to uncertainty reasoning in the context of the
Semantic Web, capturing different models of uncertainty and approaches to de-
ductive as well as inductive reasoning with uncertain formal knowledge.
TheWorldWideWebcommunityenvisionseffortlessinteractionbetweenhu-
mansandcomputers,seamlessinteroperabilityandinformationexchangeamong
Webapplications,andrapidandaccurateidentificationandinvocationofappro-
priateWebservices.Asworkwithsemanticsandservicesgrowsmoreambitious,
there is increasingappreciationofthe needfor principledapproachesto the for-
mal representation of and reasoning under uncertainty. The term uncertainty
is intended here to encompass a variety of forms of incomplete knowledge, in-
cludingincompleteness,inconclusiveness,vagueness,ambiguity,andothers.The
termuncertaintyreasoningismeanttodenotethefullrangeofmethodsdesigned
for representing and reasoning with knowledge when Boolean truth values are
unknown,unknowable,orinapplicable.Commonlyappliedapproachesto uncer-
tainty reasoninginclude probability theory,Dempster-Shafer theory,fuzzy logic
and possibility theory, and numerous other methodologies.
A few Web-relevant challengesthat are addressedby reasoningunder uncer-
tainty include:
Uncertainty of available information: Much information on the World
Wide Web is uncertain. Examples include weather forecasts or gambling
odds. Canonical methods for representing and integrating such information
are necessary for communicating it in a seamless fashion.
Information incompleteness: Information extracted from large information
networks such as the World Wide Web is typically incomplete. The ability
to exploitpartialinformationis very useful for identifying sourcesof service
orinformation.Forexample,thatanonlineservicedealswithgreetingcards
may be evidence that it also sells stationery. It is clear that search effec-
tiveness could be improved by appropriate use of technologies for handling
uncertainty.
Information incorrectness: Web information is also often incorrect or only
partially correct, raising issues related to trust or credibility. Uncertainty
VI Preface
representation and reasoning helps to resolve tension among information
sources having different confidence and trust levels, and can facilitate the
merging of controversialinformation obtained from multiple sources.
Uncertain ontology mappings: The Semantic Web vision implies that nu-
merous distinct but conceptually overlapping ontologies will co-exist and
interoperate.It is likely that in such scenarios,ontology mapping will bene-
fitfromthe ability to representdegreesofmembershipand/orlikelihoodsof
membershipincategoriesofatargetontology,giveninformationaboutclass
membership in the source ontologies.
IndefiniteinformationaboutWebservices: DynamiccomposabilityofWeb
services will require runtime identification of processing and data resources
andresolutionofpolicyobjectives.Uncertaintyreasoningtechniquesmaybe
necessarytoresolvesituationsinwhichexistinginformationisnotdefinitive.
Uncertainty is thus an intrinsic feature of many important tasks on the Web
andtheSemanticWeb,andafullrealizationoftheWorldWideWebasasource
of processable data and services demands formalisms capable of representing
and reasoning under uncertainty. Unfortunately, none of these needs can be ad-
dressed in a principled way by current Web standards. Although it is to some
degree possible to use semantic mark-up languages such as OWL or RDF(S) to
representqualitativeandquantitativeinformationaboutuncertainty,thereisno
establishedfoundationfordoingso,andfeasibleapproachesareseverelylimited.
Furthermore, there are ancillary issues such as how to balance representational
power vs. simplicity of uncertainty representations,which uncertainty represen-
tation techniques address uses such as the examples listed above,how to ensure
the consistency of representational formalisms and ontologies,etc.
Inresponseto these pressingdemands,inrecentyears,severalpromisingap-
proachestouncertaintyreasoningontheSemanticWebhavebeenproposed.The
present volume covers a representative cross section of these approaches, from
extensionstoexistingWeb-relatedlogicsfortherepresentationofuncertaintyto
approaches to inductive reasoning under uncertainty on the Web.
In order to reflect the diversity of the presented approaches and to relate
themtotheirunderlyingmodelsofuncertainty,thecontributionstothisvolume
are grouped as follows:
Probabilistic and Dempster-Shafer Models
Probabilitytheoryprovidesamathematicallysoundrepresentationlanguageand
formal calculus for rational degrees of belief, which gives different agents the
freedom to have different beliefs about a given hypothesis. As this provides a
compelling framework for representing uncertain, imperfect knowledge that can
come from diverse agents, there are many distinct approaches using probabil-
ity in the context of the Semantic Web. Classes of probabilistic models covered
with the present volume are Bayesian networks, probabilistic extensions to de-
scriptionandfirst-orderlogics,andmodelsbasedontheDempster-Shafertheory
(a generalization of the classic Bayesian approach).
Preface VII
Fuzzy and Possibilistic Models
Fuzzy formalisms allow for the representing and processing of degrees of truth
about vague (or imprecise) pieces of information. In fuzzy description logics
and ontology languages, concept assertions, role assertions, concept inclusions,
and role inclusions have a degree of truth rather than a binary truth value.
The present volume presents various approaches that exploit fuzzy logic and
possibility theory in the context of the Semantic Web.
Inductive Reasoning and Machine Learning
Machine learning is supposed to play an increasingly important role in the con-
text of the Semantic Web by providing various tasks, such as the learning of
ontologies from incomplete data or the (semi-)automatic annotation of data on
the Web. Results obtained by machine learning approaches are typically uncer-
tain.Asalogic-basedapproachtomachinelearning,inductivereasoningprovides
means for inducing general propositions from observations (example facts). Pa-
pers in this volume exploit the power of inductive reasoning for the purpose of
ontology learning, and project future directions for the use of machine learning
on the Semantic Web.
Hybrid Approaches
This volume segment contains papers that either combine approaches from two
or more of the previous segments, or that do not rely on any specific classic
approach to uncertainty reasoning.
Wewouldliketoexpressourgratitudetotheauthorsofthisvolumefortheir
contributions and to the workshopparticipants for inspiring discussions,as well
as to the members of the workshop Program Committees and the additional
reviewers for their reviews and for their overallsupport.
October 2012 Fernando Bobillo
Paulo C.G. Costa
Claudia d’Amato
Nicola Fanizzi
Kathryn B. Laskey
Kenneth J. Laskey
Thomas Lukasiewicz
Matthias Nickles
Michael Pool
Organization
Reviewers
Saminda Abeyruwan University of Miami, USA
Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza,Spain
Silvia Calegari University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Rommel Carvalho George Mason University, USA
Paulo C.G. Costa George Mason University, USA
Fabio G. Cozman Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil
Claudia d’Amato University of Bari, Italy
Nicola Fanizzi University of Bari, Italy
Bart Gajderowicz Ryerson University, Canada
Juan Go´mez-Romero Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain
PavelKlinov University of Manchester, UK
Marcelo Ladeira University of Brasilia, Brazil
Kathryn B. Laskey George Mason University, USA
Anders L. Madsen Hugin Expert A/S, Denmark
Trevor Martin University of Bristol, UK
Pasquale Minervini University of Bari, Italy
Pierluigi Miraglia Goldman Sachs, USA
Matthias Nickles Technische Universita¨t Mu¨nchen, Germany
Rafael Pen˜aloza Technische Universita¨t Dresden, Germany
Michael Pool Convera Technologies, Inc., USA
Livia Predoiu Universita¨t Magdeburg, Germany
Guilin Qi Southeast University, China
David Robertson University of Edinburgh, UK
Daniel Sa´nchez University of Granada, Spain
Lutz Schr¨oder Universit¨at Bremen, Germany
Nikolaos Simou National Technical University of Athens, Greece
PavelSmrˇz Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Giorgos Stoilos University of Oxford, UK
Umberto Straccia ISTI-CNR, Italy
Matthias Thimm Universita¨t Koblenz-Landau, Germany
Andreas Tolk Old Dominion University, USA
Ubbo Visser University of Miami, USA
Yining Wu University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
X Organization
4th International Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning
for the Semantic Web (URSW 2008)
Organizing Committee
Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza,Spain
Paulo C.G. Costa George Mason University, USA
Claudia d’Amato University of Bari, Italy
Nicola Fanizzi University of Bari, Italy
Kathryn B. Laskey George Mason University, USA
Kenneth J. Laskey MITRE Corporation, USA
Thomas Lukasiewicz University of Oxford, UK
Trevor Martin University of Bristol, UK
Matthias Nickles University of Bath, UK
Michael Pool Convera Technologies, Inc., USA
PavelSmrˇz Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Program Committee
Ameen Abu-Hanna Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza,Spain
Silvia Calegari University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Paulo C.G. Costa George Mason University, USA
Fabio G. Cozman Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil
Claudia d’Amato University of Bari, Italy
Ernesto Damiani University of Milan, Italy
Nicola Fanizzi University of Bari, Italy
Francis Fung Eduworks,Inc., USA
Kathryn B. Laskey George Mason University, USA
Kenneth J. Laskey MITRE Corporation, USA
Thomas Lukasiewicz University of Oxford, UK
Anders L. Madsen Hugin Expert A/S, Denmark
M. Scott Marshall Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Trevor Martin University of Bristol, UK
Matthias Nickles University of Bath, UK
Yung Peng University of Maryland, USA
Michael Pool Convera,Inc., USA
Livia Predoiu Universita¨t Mannheim, Germany
David Robertson University of Edinburgh, UK
Elie Sanchez Universit´e de La M´editerran´eeAix-Marseille II,
France
Daniel Sa´nchez University of Granada, Spain
Nematollaah Shiri Concordia University, Canada
Oreste Signore ISTI-CNR, Italy
Sergej Sizov University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
PavelSmrˇz Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Umberto Straccia ISTI-CNR, Italy
Organization XI
Heiner Stuckenschmidt Universita¨t Mannheim, Germany
Masami Takikawa Cleverset, Inc., USA
Peter Vojt´aˇs Charles University Prague, Czech Republic
Additional Reviewers
Ahmed Alasoud
Paolo Ceravolo
5th International Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning
for the Semantic Web (URSW 2009)
Organizing Committee
Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza,Spain
Paulo C.G. Costa George Mason University, USA
Claudia d’Amato University of Bari, Italy
Nicola Fanizzi University of Bari, Italy
Kathryn B. Laskey George Mason University, USA
Kenneth J. Laskey MITRE Corporation, USA
Thomas Lukasiewicz University of Oxford, UK
Trevor Martin University of Bristol, UK
Matthias Nickles University of Bath, UK
Michael Pool Convera Technologies, Inc., USA
PavelSmrˇz Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Program Committee
Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza,Spain
Silvia Calegari University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Rommel N. Carvalho George Mason University, USA
Paulo C.G. Costa George Mason University, USA
Fabio G. Cozman Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil
Claudia d’Amato University of Bari, Italy
Nicola Fanizzi University of Bari, Italy
Marcelo Ladeira University of Brasilia, Brazil
Kathryn B. Laskey George Mason University, USA
Kenneth J. Laskey MITRE Corporation, USA
Thomas Lukasiewicz University of Oxford, UK
Anders L. Madsen Hugin Expert A/S, Denmark
Trevor Martin University of Bristol, UK
Matthias Nickles University of Bath, UK
Jeff Pan University of Aberdeen, UK
Yung Peng University of Maryland, USA
Michael Pool Convera,Inc., USA
XII Organization
Livia Predoiu Universita¨t Mannheim, Germany
Guilin Qi University of Karlsruhe, Germany
Carlos H. Ribeiro Instituto Tecnolo´gico de Aerona´utica, Brazil
David Robertson University of Edinburgh, UK
Daniel Sa´nchez University of Granada, Spain
Sergej Sizov University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
PavelSmrˇz Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Giorgos Stoilos National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Umberto Straccia ISTI-CNR, Italy
Andreas Tolk Old Dominion University, USA
Peter Vojt´aˇs Charles University Prague, Czech Republic
Johanna Vo¨lker University of Karlsruhe, Germany
Additional Reviewer
Zhiqiang Gao
6th International Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning
for the Semantic Web (URSW 2010)
Organizing Committee
Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza,Spain
Rommel N. Carvalho George Mason University, USA
Paulo C.G. Costa George Mason University, USA
Claudia d’Amato University of Bari, Italy
Nicola Fanizzi University of Bari, Italy
Kathryn B. Laskey George Mason University, USA
Kenneth J. Laskey MITRE Corporation, USA
Thomas Lukasiewicz University of Oxford, UK
Trevor Martin University of Bristol, UK
Matthias Nickles University of Bath, UK
Michael Pool Vertical Search Works, Inc., USA
Program Committee
Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza,Spain
Rommel N. Carvalho George Mason University, USA
Paulo C.G. Costa George Mason University, USA
Fabio G. Cozman Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil
Claudia d’Amato University of Bari, Italy
Nicola Fanizzi University of Bari, Italy
Marcelo Ladeira University of Brasilia, Brazil
Kathryn B. Laskey George Mason University, USA
Kenneth J. Laskey MITRE Corporation, USA
Thomas Lukasiewicz University of Oxford, UK
Trevor Martin University of Bristol, UK
