Ultrasonic Methods in Evaluation of Inhomogeneous Materials

406 Pages·1987·18.189 MB·English

by  Walter G. Mayer (auth.), Adriano Alippi, Walter G. Mayer (eds.)

Ultrasonic Methods in Evaluation of
Inhomogeneous Materials
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science
Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological
knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the
NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company
Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster and Tokyo
D Behavioural and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
Social Sciences Boston, Dordrecht and Lancaster
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Springer-Verlag
Systems Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
G Ecological Sciences London, Paris, Tokyo
H Cell Biology
Series E: Applied Sciences - No. 126
Ultrasonic Methods in Evaluation
of Inhomogeneous Materials
edited by
Adriano Alippi
University of Rome
La Sapienza
Italy
Walter G. Mayer
Georgetown University
Washington DC
USA
1987 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
Dordrecht ! Boston! Lancaster
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Ultrasonic Methods in
Evaluation of Inhomogeneous Materials", Erice, Italy, October 15-25, 1985
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
NATO Advanced Study Institute on IIUltrasonic Methods
in Evaluation of Inhomogeneous Materials" (1985 :
Erice, Sicily)
Ultrasonic methods in evaluation of inhomogeneous
materials.
(NATO ASI series. Series E, Applied sciences;
no. 126)
"Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
"Ultrasonic Methods in Evaluation of Inhomogeneous
Haterials", Erice, Italy, October 15-25, 198511-'-T.p.
verso.
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs
Division.1!
Includes index.
1. Ultrasonic testing--Congresses. 2. Inhomogeneous
materials--Testing--Congresses. I. Alippi, Adriano.
II. Mayer, Walter G. III. Title. IV. Series.
TA417.4.N38 1985 620.1'1274 87-1711
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8099-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-3575-4
001: 10.1007/978-94-009-3575-4
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Copyright © 1987 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1987
v
NATO Advanced Study Institute
on
ULTRASONIC METHODS IN EVALUATION OF INHOMOGENEOUS MATERIALS
Erice, 15 -25 October, 1985
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Prof A. Alippi Prof L. Bj¢Jrn,p
University of Rome, ITALY Technical University,
Lyngby, DENMARK
Prof w.G. Mayer
Georgetown University, Prof R. W.B. Stephens
Washington, USA Chelsea College, London, UK
LECTURERS
Prof L. Adler Prof W.G. Mayer
Ohio State University Georgetown University
Columbus, Ohio, USA Washington, DC, USA
Prof B. A. Auld Dr. R. Schmitt
Stanford University Fraunhofer Institut
CA, USA. SaarbrUcken, FRG
Dr. G. Busse Dr. J.D. Skinner
University of Stuttgart General Electric Company
FRG Wembley, Middlesex, UK
Prof J.D.N. Cheeke Prof G. Socino
Sherbrooke University University of Perugia
Quebec, CANADA ITALY
Dr. J.1. Gagnepain Prof B.R. Tittmann
C.N.R.S. Rockwell International
Besanfon, FRANCE CA, USA
Dr. J.A. Gallego Juarez Prof A. Zarembowitch
Centro de Fisica Aplicada University Pierre et Marie Curie
Madrid, SPAIN Paris, FRANCE
VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE IX
INAUGURAL ADDRESS XI
I. GENERAL
W.G.Mayer Anisotropic material orientation with ultrasonics ...... . 3
L. Adler Thin mm and layer characterization ................ . 13
G. Socino Determination of linear and nonlinear parameters of thin
layers ....................................... . 35
R.C. Chivers Measurement of the coherent and incoherent contribu
tions of ultrasonic scattering in inhomogeneous media 53
R.C. Chivers Amplitude and phase fluctuations in ultrasonic waves
propagating in inhomogeneous materials ............ . 63
A. Sliwinski Acoustooptical interaction in optically active media .... 73
II. METHODS
A. Zarembowitch Inhomogeneous materials studied with Brillouin scat-
J. Berger tering ....................................... . 85
M. Fischer
F. Michard
G. Busse Characterisation through thermal waves: applications of
optoacoustic and photothermal methods ........... . 105
J.D.N. Cheeke Cryogenic acoustic microscopy ................... . 123
J.D. Skinner Composite material systems for surface wave integrated
optic Bragg cells ............................... . 151
E. Soczkiewicz Quantum field theory methods in studies of ultrasonic
waves propagation in random media ................ . 163
C.M. Sayers Characterisation of microstructures using ultrasonics .... 175
G. Gremaud Study of the dislocation dynamics by ultrasonic cyclic
bias stress experiments ., ........................ . 187
H. Karagillie Analysis of signals generated by multiply reflected ultra-
sonic waves in plates ............................ . 197
J .. P. Dumoulin Flaw classification in composites using ultrasonic echo-
J.F. de BelIeval graphy ...................................... . 207
P. Kwiek Application of light diffraction by a system consisting of
A. Markiewicz an ultrasonic wave and a phase optical diffraction grating 219
VIII
III. MATERIALS
B.A. Auld Three-<limensional composites .................... . 227
J.J. Gagnepain Piezoelectric materials .......................... . 243
J .A. Gallego -Juarez Physical and elastic characteristics of fiber reinforced
composites .... ;. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
J .A. Gallego -Juarez Ultrasonic evaluation of elastic properties of directional
fiber reinforced composites ....................... 281
B.R. Tittmann Characterisation of porous media with elastic waves .... 301
R. Schmitt Tissue characterisation by linear and non-linear ultra-
sound ....................................... . 319
V. Bucur Wood characterisation through ultrasonic waves ...... . 323
G. Bonnet Measurement of the permeability of a porous pla'te bY' an 343
D. Schmitt ultrasonic test
J. El Maaroufi
D.A. Hutchins Laser generated ultrasonic waves for the investigation of
R.P. Young porous solids ................................. . 353
J. Ungar
C.M. Sayers Ultrasonic determination of texture and residual stress
in poly crystalline metals ......................... . 367
S. Baste Harmonic waves in three-dire\cti onal carbon-carbon
A. Gerard composites ................................... . 381
M. Cankurtaran Ultrasonic quantum oscillations in semimetallic Bi1-X
H. Celik Sbx alloys .................................... . 393
T. Alper
List of participants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Subject Index................................................. 413
IX
PREFACE
The purpose of the School, the content of which is reflected in this book, is to bring
together experiences and knowledge of those acousticians who are particularly sensible to
materials and their properties, specifically to those materials that may be called inhomo
geneous.
The two things together: acoustics and inhomogeneity, define factually a dimension
less parameter, AI a, which is the ratio between the sound wavelength and the spatial length
of the material where its physical characteristics notably change. An implicit defmition is,
therefore, at hand for an inhomogeneous medium, which has the characteristic of a condi
tioned definition and sets a looser constraint to the otherwise strict statement of invariance
under translations.
Composite, biologicai, porous, stratified materials are in the list of inhomogeneous
materials, whose technological or structural interest has grown greatly in recent times. Ul
trasonic waves offer a means for their investigation, which is valuable for it can be non
destructive, continuous in time, spatially localized, dependent on the size of inhomoge
neities.
Which ultrasonic method for which material characteristics or properties is a problem
to be optimized. The overview articles together with the contributed papers offer a wide
range of possibilities where sound waves act as a powerful means of investigation and it
coul~ be left to the reader's or scientist's own experience to foresee additional ways of
how applying what can be inferred as a suggestion from these topics. The invited lectures
and the advanced research papers from participants were classified into three main groups;
the first one devoted to general classes or properties of materials that can be investigated
with ultrasounds, the second one dealing with ultrasonic methods aimed at the investiga
tion of inhomogeneous materials, and a third one where materials are treated and investi
gated with ultrasonic methods.
The actual presentation of topics 'followed a temporal sequence of invited papers in
the morning sessions and of advanced research papers in the afternoon ones, while the
book order follows the subdivision in three sections, in each one of which the advanced
research papers follow the presentation of the invited lectures.
I wish now to express my sincere gratitude to all the contributors for writing and pre
senting va:luable papers, and to all the participants to the School for making the Institute a
scien tific success.
Adriano Alippi
XI
INAUGURAL ADDRESS
Ladies and Gentlemen:
or dear colleagues and friends, if you permit me to address you more familiarly, I would
like to take few minutes of your time at the beginning of this course, just to give it an
official opening.
Welcome, then, to Erice; welcome to this second course of the School on Physical
Acoustics, on Ultrasonic Methods in the Evaluation of Inhomogeneous Materials. This
course is following the first one, held here in 1982, that dealt with the Fundamentals of
Acoustic Wave Propagation, and it therefore gives the concrete sense of a series to the
School. Those of you - and there are few among the lecturers and few, with my deepest
satisfaction, among the participants - those of you who had the adventure of attending
that December "Summer school" will probably remember that at that time we were, in a
certain sense, experimenting our course: problems such as the opportunity for presentation
of advanced research papers, their relative room with respect to the main lectures, and even
type and time of lectures to match the attendants' requests, were all to be tested and solved
duly. We did that on a subject that could be considered as introductory to the courses to
come: as I said, on the fundamentals of acoustical wave propagation. At that time, we
set the bases for the present course, that should have been dealing with a more specific,
though still broadband, subject. The merging of personal experiences and active discussions
focused the attention on ultrasounds and materials, not however to be connected in the
field of non-destructive testing evaluation, rather in that of defining physical characteri
stics. And the interest resulted into leaning, on one side, towards the ultrasonic methods
used to get physical information on the materials, and, on the other, towards the classes of
materials that could be investigated through ultrasounds.
Th,e participation to the School with advanced research papers was then highly recom
mended and, finally, an Advanced Study Institute was organized sponsored by the NATO
organization. We are deeply grateful for such sponsorship, which permitted to extend the
participation, implement the organization and publish the Proceedings.
I should also acknowledge the European Physical Society and the National Science
Foundation for granting some additional scholarships, that permitted us to gain an even
ampler international participation, and the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture,
which contributed with a rich financial support.
The Institute of Acoustics of the Italian National Council of Researches has to be
thanked for allowing the partipation of Mrs. L. Covi, whose qualities for acting as secretary
of the School I greatly appreciated.
I do also acknowledge the Institutions and Organizations that sponsor the Ettore Ma
jorana Centre: the Italian Ministry of Education, the Italian Ministry of Scientific and
Technological Research and the Regione Siciliana. A warm thank has to be tributed to the
local Organization, whose efficiency and promptness allowed old problems to be solved.
XII
A grateful thought to the friends of the Scientific Committee, specifically to Walter
Mayer, the colleague Director, whose great collaboration has been always thoughtful and
patient!
It is on theirs and his behalf, my friends, that I want to mention fmally your contri
bution to the success of this course. It is your presence and courtesy: those of the lecturers
and those of the participants, the effort of those who communicate and of those who
receive knowledge, that make the success of an academe. And, being on a historically
Greek territory, let the spirit of the Academe fill our days here in Erice, and let science
blend here with humanity.
Prof. A. Alippi
Erice, October 16th, 1985