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Power and Energy Series 59 Ultracapacitor Applications U Ultracapacitor l t r a c a p Applications a c i Energy storage and in particular electrical storage of energy Dr. John M. Miller was vice president of systems and to has become a very talked about topic in circles ranging applications at Maxwell Technologies when this book was r from lay persons, in regard to hybrid and battery electric written. He is currently with the U.S. Department of Energy, Oak vehicles, to professionals, and certainly by legislators Ridge National Laboratory, National Transportation Research A Center. He is also founder and principal engineer of J-N-J Miller p and energy policy makers in government. But even Design Services, P.L.C. Dr. Miller worked for 20 years in the p tcoh epmroifceasls fioornmalss othf ee ldeicsttrinicc etinoenrsg yb esttworeaegne parhey suicnacll eaanrd apurotogmramotsiv ein cinludduisntgry ,4 l2eVa dInintegg sreatveedra Sl thayrtberri dA lvteerhniaclteo rt, eIcShGn, ofolor gy lic and at times poorly understood, if at all. This book takes application into a SUV. He has been active in collaborations at a a critical look at physical storage of electricity in the the industry and government levels including the NSF funded ti o devices known collectively as electrochemical capacitors systems center for Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and particularly as ultracapacitors. In its 12 chapters, this and Management, FREEDM. He was actively engaged in MIT’s n text covers ultracapacitor and advanced battery topics Consortium on Advanced Automotive Electrical and Electronic s with emphasis on clear understanding of fundamental Components and Systems and has served as Adjunct Professor John M. Miller of Electrical Engineering at Michigan State University and at principles, models and applications. The reader will Texas A&M University. Dr. Miller has authored over 170 technical appreciate the case studies ranging from commercial publications, holds 53 U.S. patents, and authored or co-authored to industrial to automotive applications of not only five books. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, Member of SAE, 2009 ultracapacitors, but of these power dense components in recipient of the IEEE Kliman Innovator award, and 2010 recipient combination with energy dense battery technologies. of the IEEE Power Electronics Society distinguished service award. M ille r The Institution of Engineering and Technology www.theiet.org 978-1-84919-071-8 PBPO0590.indd 1 27/05/2011 16:35:40 IET POWER AND ENERGYSERIES 59 Ultracapacitor Applications PRELIMS 7June2011;18:2:38 Othervolumesinthisseries: Volume1 PowercircuitbreakertheoryanddesignC.H.Flurscheim(Editor) Volume4 IndustrialmicrowaveheatingA.C.MetaxasandR.J.Meredith Volume7 InsulatorsforhighvoltagesJ.S.T.Looms Volume8 VariablefrequencyACmotordrivesystemsD.Finney Volume10 SF6switchgearH.M.RyanandG.R.Jones Volume11 ConductionandinductionheatingE.J.Davies Volume13 StatisticaltechniquesforhighvoltageengineeringW.Hauschildand W.Mosch Volume14 UninterruptiblepowersuppliesJ.PlattsandJ.D.StAubyn(Editors) Volume15 DigitalprotectionforpowersystemsA.T.JohnsandS.K.Salman Volume16 ElectricityeconomicsandplanningT.W.Berrie Volume18 VacuumswitchgearA.Greenwood Volume19 Electricalsafety:aguidetocausesandpreventionofhazardsJ.Maxwell Adams Volume21 Electricitydistributionnetworkdesign,2ndeditionE.Lakerviand E.J.Holmes Volume22 ArtificialintelligencetechniquesinpowersystemsK.Warwick,A.O.Ekwue andR.Aggarwal(Editors) Volume24 PowersystemcommissioningandmaintenancepracticeK.Harker Volume25 Engineers’handbookofindustrialmicrowaveheatingR.J.Meredith Volume26 SmallelectricmotorsH.Moczalaetal. Volume27 AC–DCpowersystemanalysisJ.ArrillagaandB.C.Smith Volume29 Highvoltagedirectcurrenttransmission,2ndeditionJ.Arrillaga Volume30 FlexibleACTransmissionSystems(FACTS)Y-H.Song(Editor) Volume31 EmbeddedgenerationN.Jenkinsetal. Volume32 Highvoltageengineeringandtesting,2ndeditionH.M.Ryan(Editor) Volume33 Overvoltageprotectionoflow-voltagesystems,revisededitionP.Hasse Volume34 ThelightningflashV.Cooray Volume36 VoltagequalityinelectricalpowersystemsJ.Schlabbachetal. Volume37 ElectricalsteelsforrotatingmachinesP.Beckley Volume38 Theelectriccar:developmentandfutureofbattery,hybridandfuel-cell carsM.Westbrook Volume39 PowersystemselectromagnetictransientssimulationJ.Arrillagaand N.Watson Volume40 AdvancesinhighvoltageengineeringM.HaddadandD.Warne Volume41 ElectricaloperationofelectrostaticprecipitatorsK.Parker Volume43 ThermalpowerplantsimulationandcontrolD.Flynn Volume44 EconomicevaluationofprojectsintheelectricitysupplyindustryH.Khatib Volume45 PropulsionsystemsforhybridvehiclesJ.Miller Volume46 DistributionswitchgearS.Stewart Volume47 Protectionofelectricitydistributionnetworks,2ndeditionJ.Gersand E.Holmes Volume48 WoodpoleoverheadlinesB.Wareing Volume49 Electricfuses,3rdeditionA.WrightandG.Newbery Volume50 Windpowerintegration:connectionandsystemoperationalaspects B.Foxetal. Volume51 ShortcircuitcurrentsJ.Schlabbach Volume52 NuclearpowerJ.Wood Volume53 Conditionassessmentofhighvoltageinsulationinpowersystem equipmentR.E.JamesandQ.Su Volume55 Localenergy:distributedgenerationofheatandpowerJ.Wood Volume56 ConditionmonitoringofrotatingelectricalmachinesP.Tavner,L.Ran, J.PenmanandH.Sedding Volume57 Thecontroltechniquesdrivesandcontrolshandbook,2ndeditionB.Drury Volume58 LightningprotectionV.Cooray(Editor) PRELIMS 7June2011;18:2:38 Ultracapacitor Applications John M. Miller The Institution ofEngineeringand Technology PRELIMS 7June2011;18:2:38 PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland&Wales (no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698). †2011TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology Firstpublished2011 ThispublicationiscopyrightundertheBerneConventionandtheUniversalCopyright Convention.Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearch orprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,Designsand PatentsAct1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmitted,inany formorbyanymeans,onlywiththepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orin thecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissued bytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethose termsshouldbesenttothepublisherattheundermentionedaddress: TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology MichaelFaradayHouse SixHillsWay,Stevenage Herts,SG12AY,UnitedKingdom www.theiet.org Whiletheauthorandpublisherbelievethattheinformationandguidancegivenin thisworkarecorrect,allpartiesmustrelyupontheirownskillandjudgementwhen makinguseofthem.Neithertheauthornorpublisherassumesanyliabilityto anyoneforanylossordamagecausedbyanyerrororomissioninthework,whether suchanerrororomissionistheresultofnegligenceoranyothercause.Anyandall suchliabilityisdisclaimed. 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BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisproductisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-84919-071-8(paperback) ISBN978-1-84919-072-5(PDF) TypesetinIndiabyMPSLtd,aMacmillanCompany PrintedintheUKbyCPIAntonyRowe,Chippenham,Wiltshire PRELIMS 7June2011;18:2:39 To JoAnn and Nathan PRELIMS 7June2011;18:2:39 PRELIMS 7June2011;18:2:39 Contents Preface xi 1 Typesof ultracapacitors 1 1.1 Electrochemical capacitors 10 1.2 Symmetric types 17 1.3 Asymmetric types 24 1.4 Hybrid capacitors 30 Exercises 33 References 35 2 Ultracapacitor modeling 37 2.1 Electronic equivalentcircuit model 42 2.2 Cell characterization methods and standards 58 2.2.1 EUCAR method 61 2.3 Simulationmodel validation 66 2.4 Capacitor–battery combinations 73 2.4.1 Passive parallel architecture 78 2.4.2 Active parallel architecture 81 Exercises 89 References 91 3 Power andenergy 93 3.1 Specific energy and energy density 96 3.2 Specific power and power density 101 3.3 Ragone relationships 112 3.4 Ultracapacitorsand batteries 114 Exercises 123 References 126 4 Commercial applications 129 4.1 Uninterruptible power supplies 129 4.2 Utility voltage stabilizer 135 4.3 Wind turbine systems 146 4.4 Photovoltaic systems 155 Exercises 158 References 161 PRELIMS 7June2011;18:2:39 viii Ultracapacitorapplications 5 Industrialapplication 163 5.1 Material handling trucks 165 5.2 Harbor cranes and rubber tired gantry cranes 168 5.3 Earth moving equipment 176 Exercises 185 References 187 6 Heavy transportation application 189 6.1 Battery electric bus 199 6.2 Hybrid electric bus 201 6.3 Shuttle bus 206 Exercises 208 References 211 7 Hybrid electric vehicles 213 7.1 Types of hybrids 219 7.2 Hybrid functions 223 7.3 Powerassisthybrid 225 7.4 Plug-in hybrid 227 Exercises 232 References 234 8 Single-mode power split 235 8.1 Electronic continuously variable transmission 239 8.2 Ultracapacitor application ineCVTs 242 8.3 Drive cycle evaluations 246 Exercises 253 References 255 9 2-mode power split 257 9.1 Essentials of 2-mode eCVT 260 9.2 Operational modes of the EVT 263 9.3 Ultracapacitor application in2-mode eCVT 269 9.4 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle: Volt 272 Exercises 275 References 277 10 Life cycle testing 279 10.1 Leakage current influence 283 10.2 Reliability versusservice life 286 10.2.1 Exponential reliability function 291 10.2.2 Normal reliability function 292 10.2.3 Log-normal reliability function 293 10.2.4 Weibull reliability function 294 PRELIMS 7June2011;18:2:39 Contents ix 10.3 Mean service life 298 10.4 Comprehensive cycle life testing 302 Exercises 306 References 308 11 Abusetolerance 311 11.1 Need for abuse testing 311 11.2 Overvoltage and overcurrent abuse 313 11.3 Insulation resistance and high potential 317 11.4 Vibration requirements 324 11.5 Ultracapacitor cycling exposure 325 Exercises 328 References 330 12 Future transportation systems 331 12.1 Future mobility systems 332 12.2 Wireless power transfer 333 12.2.1 Coaxial winding transformer 336 12.2.2 Inductive power transfer 337 12.3 Ultracapacitor applications in IPT 338 Exercises 343 References 345 Glossary 347 Index 351 PRELIMS 7June2011;18:2:39