Type-B CytochromesSensors and Switches PDF
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TYPE-B CYTOCHROMES: Sensors and Switches TYPE-B CYTOCHROMES: Sensors and Switches Johnathan L. Kiel United States Air Force Air Force Materiel Command Human Systems Center Armstrong Laboratory Radiofrequency Radiation Division Biotechnology Branch Brooks Air Force Base, Texas CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First published 1995 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2018 by CRC Press © 1995 by CRC Press, Inc. CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including pho- tocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kiel, Johnathan L. Type B cytochromes : sensors and switches / Johnathan L. Kiel. p.(cid:9) cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-4576-6 1. Cytochrome b. 2. Cellular signal transduction.(cid:9) 3. Cell metabolism. I. Title. QP671 .C78K54 1995 574.87’61—dc20(cid:9) 94-36841 A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 94036841 Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89831-5 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07741-5 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com PREFACE When I proposed this book to CRC Press on July 22, 1991, the connections among feeder cell and thiol support of lymphocytes in vitro, green hemopro- teins of red blood cells and the liver, NADPH oxidase of granulocytes and macrophages, nitric oxide synthase of leukocytes and neurons, and nitrogen oxide reductases of plants and bacteria were very tenuous. The feeder cell phenomenon was considered totally replaceable by exogenous simple nonphysiologic thiols. This requirement was seen as an in vitro artifact result- ing from nonphysiologic levels of oxygen and its toxic products in cell culture media. Yet experiments with exogenous oxidase and peroxidase preparations in vivo showed that energetic redox processes that did not generate ATP were not the haphazard, nonspecific injurious processes seen in vitro. These nonspe- cific oxidative killing mechanisms used against cancer cells and infectious agents by granulocytes and macrophages seemed to be inexplicably linked to development of a specific immune response. The discovery of the redox- mediated effects of tumor necrosis factor (which were very similar if not identical to those of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and gamma-interferon) sug- gested a close redox cooperation between macrophages and lymphocytes regulated by cytokines. In addition, the discovery of nitric oxide synthase activity as essential to the physiologic responses of vasculature, the brain, and insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas indicated that this specialized NADPH oxidase played roles well beyond the one of wholesale killing by phagocytes. In my letter to CRC Press, I stated that it was time to draw together the information on electron transport chains and the central role and repeating theme played in them by type-b cytochromes. I further stated that nitric oxide synthase was at the same place NADPH oxidase was 12 years ago. I proposed to show evidence that predicted a type-b cytochrome or similar hemoprotein was required for the second messenger or neurotransmitter function of nitric oxide synthase. On July 28, 1992, White and Marietta reported in Biochemistry (31, 6627, 1992) that nitric oxide synthase was the first catalytically self- sufficient mammalian cytochrome P450 (type-b cytochrome), containing both reductase and heme domains on the same polypeptide. This discovery con- nected the most important redox second messenger, cell-to-cell communicat- ing enzyme with type-b cytochrome biochemistry. It mechanistically con- nected nonlethal specific cellular responses to nonspecific redox agent effects. Overall, this book attempts to portray type-b cytochromes as primordial pro- teins that have played and continue to play a central role in the evolution and functions of metabolism, cell growth, and survival in bacteria, plants, animals, and man. THE AUTHOR Johnathan L. Kiel, D.V.M., Ph.D., received his B.S. degree in 1973 and his D.V.M. in 1974 (both summa cum laude) from Texas A & M University. He received his interdisciplinary Ph.D. in biochemistry and microbiology from Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, in 1981. He is a diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Microbiologists (since 1984) and served on the National Examination Committee for the College from 1988-1991. Dr. Kiel is the Chief of the Biotechnology Branch, Radiofrequency Radia- tion Division, Occupational and Environmental Health Directorate of the United States Air Force Armstrong Laboratory. He is author of over 50 scientific publications and holder of ten patents with four more pending. He received the Otis 0. Benson Award for the Greatest Scientific Contribution to the U.S.A.F. School of Aerospace Medicine in 1984 and 1989, the Air Force Systems Command Science and Technology Award in 1991, the Research and Devel- opment 100 Award for one of the most technologically significant new prod- ucts of the year 1991 (the Quantitative Luminescence Imaging System), the Harry G. Armstrong Scientific Excellence Award for outstanding research in occupational and environmental health, and the Air Force Association Scientist of the Year Award (Texas Branch) for 1994. He is the United States Air Force's 1994 recipient of the Basic Research Award for his research in mechanisms of interaction of biological systems with nonionizing electromagnetic radiation. CONTENTS Chapter 1 General Properties of a Primordial Cellular Sensor and Switch (cid:9)1 Chapter 2 Primitive Type-B Cytochromes: Green Hemoproteins (cid:9) 13 Chapter 3 NADPH Oxidase and its Terminal Cytochrome (cid:9) 27 Chapter 4 Nitric Oxide Synthase (cid:9) 67 Chapter 5 Extracellular Disulfide Reductase (cid:9) 103 Chapter 6 Nitrogen Oxide Reductases (cid:9) 135 Chapter 7 Summary Schematics (cid:9) 155 Chapter 8 Future Research and Applications (cid:9) 167 References (cid:9) 173 Index (cid:9) 209
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