Tunnelling in Weak Rocks

509 Pages·1980·9.342 MB·English

by  Bhawani Singh

ELSEVIER GEO-ENGINEERING BOOK SERIES
VOLUME 5
Tunnelling in Weak Rocks
Dedicatedto
Practicing Engineers, Scientists,
Academicians & Readers
ELSEVIER GEO-ENGINEERING BOOK SERIES
VOLUME 5
Tunnelling in Weak Rocks
Bhawani Singh
Professor(Retd),
IITRoorkee
Rajnish K. Goel
ScientistF
CMRIRegionalCentre
Roorkee,India
Geo-Engineering Book Series Editor
John A. Hudson FREng
ImperialCollegeofScience,TechnologyandMedicine,
UniversityofLondon,UK
2006
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Firstedition2006
Elsevier
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Singh,Bhawani
Tunnellinginweakrocks.-(Elseviergeo-engineeringbookseries;v.5)
1.Tunneling2.Tunnels-Design3.Rockmechanics
I.TitleII.Goel,R.K.1960-624.1’93
ISBN13:978-0-08-044987-6
ISBN10:0-08-044987-5
TypesetbyCephaImagingPvt.Ltd,Bangalore,India
PrintedinGreatBritain
Series Preface
TheobjectiveoftheElsevierGeo-EngineeringBookSeriesistoprovidehighqualitybooks
onsubjectswithinthebroadgeo-engineeringsubjectarea–e.g.onengineeringgeology,
soilmechanics,rockmechanics,civil/mining/environmental/petroleumengineering,etc.
ThefirstfourbooksintheSerieshavealreadybeenpublished:
• “Stability Analysis and Modelling of Underground Excavations in Fractured
Rocks”byWeishenZhuandJianZhao;
• “CoupledThermo-Hydro-Mechanical-ChemicalProcessesinGeo-systems”edited
byOveStephansson,JohnAHudsonandLanruJing;
• “Ground Improvement – Case Histories” edited by Buddhima Indraratna and
JianChu;and
• “EngineeringPropertiesofRocks”byLianyangZhang.
Now,Iampleasedtointroduce“TunnellinginWeakRocks”byBhawaniSinghand
R.K.Goel.Theauthorshaveplacedtheiremphasisinexactlytherightareabecauseitis
muchmoredifficulttotunnelinasoft,weakrockmassthaninastiff,strongrockmass.
Also,theyhavesettheirstageintheHimalayaswhichisanexcitingsetting,notonlyon
thesurfacebutoftenevenmoresounderground!
Readerswillrecallthe1999Elsevierbookwrittenbythesameauthors:“RockMass
Classification:APracticalApproachinCivilEngineering”.Thisearlierbookhasproved
to be a most useful reference source because all the key information relating to rock
massclassificationiscontainedinthebookandsooneautomaticallytakesitofftheshelf
wheneverthereisaquestionabouttherockmassclassificationapproachortheassociated
details.Theauthorshaveadoptedthesameapproachwith“TunnellinginWeakRocks”:
theyprovide29chapterscoveringallaspectsofthesubject,includingtheory,reviewsof
rockmassclassificationapproaches,thedifferenttypesoftunnellingmethods,excavation
andsupport,hazards,instrumentation,swellingandsqueezingrockconditionsandmany
otherpracticalaspectsoftunnelling.
Wehopethatyouenjoythebookandwewelcomeproposalsfornewbooks. Please
sendthesetomeattheemailaddressbelow.
ProfessorJohnA.HudsonFREng
Geo-EngineeringSeriesEditor
[email protected]
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
Preface
“Abookisaman’sbestfriend.”
GrouchoMarx
Thebasicapproachinthedesignofundergroundsupportsystemhasbeenanempirical
approachbasedonrockmassclassification.Thisapproachwasthesubjectoftheauthors’
firstbook,RockMassClassification–APracticalApproachinCivilEngineering(1999),
which has been enjoyed by the experts all over the world. Lately, however, a growing
needforreliablesoftwarepackagestoaidengineeringcontroloflandslideandtunnelling
hazardshasinspiredthewritingofthenextbookonSoftwareforEngineeringControlof
LandslideandTunnellingHazardsbasedontheuseofarationalapproachtocheckthe
empiricalpredictionstobesureofthesolution.
The instant liking and success of these two books further boosted our morale and
we have written this book on Tunnelling in Weak Rocks, which is based on intensive
field-oriented research work and experience. It is expected that the book will generate
more confidence and interest among civil and mining design and construction engi-
neers, geologists, geophysicists, managers, planners, researchers and students. The set
of three complementary books that we have produced has been possible due to God’s
grace,team-workandworldwideacceptanceandmoralsupport.
Emphasis is given to the practical-construction solution of tunnelling hazard con-
trol rather than any rigorous analytical/numerical methods. Practical knowledge of
the engineering behavior of rock masses, discontinuities, the time-tested classification
approach,tunnellinghazards,andsimpleanalyticalmethodsarealsoofferedtoaddtothe
understandingofrealisticactualconstructionapproach.
WehavebeenblessedbymoderntunnellingmachinesandshieldedTBMwithauto-
maticsupportsystemtoborerapidlythroughsoils,bouldersandweakrocks,etc.Bythe
graceofGod,themoderntunnelengineershavetremendousconfidencenow.Thisbook
alsotriestointegratethehappyexperienceoftunnelengineers, managers, reputedfield
researchers and famous site engineering geologists from all over the world. This book
mayhelpinon-spot-decisionsduringtunnelling.
Himalaya is a vast region, an amazingly beautiful creation which possesses exten-
sive rejuvenating life support system. It is also one of the best field laboratories for
viii Preface
learningrockmechanics,tunnelling,engineeringgeologyandgeohazards.Theresearch
experiencegainedinHimalayaisprecioustothewholeworld.
TheauthorsaredeeplygratefultoProfessorJ.A.Hudson,ImperialCollegeofScience
andTechnology,London,andPresident-elect,InternationalSocietyforRockMechanics
(ISRM)forcontinuousencouragementandforincludingthisbookintheElsevierGeo-
Engineering Series. The authors are also thankful to Elsevier Limited for publishing
thebook.
The authors’ foremost wish is to express their deep gratitude to: Professor Charles
Fairhurst, University of Minnesota; Professor E. Hoek, International Consulting
Engineer; Dr. N. Barton, Norway; Professor J.J.K. Daemen, University of Nevada;
Dr. E. Grimstad, NGI, Professor G.N. Pandey, University of Swansea; Professor
J.Nedoma,AcademyofSciencesofCzechRepublic;ProfessorZhaoJian,NanyangTech-
nological University, Singapore; Professor V.D. Choubey; Professor T. Ramamurthy,
IITD; Dr. R.K. Bhandari, CSIR; Mr. B.B. Deoja, Nepal; Mr. A. Wagner, Switzerland;
Professor R.N. Chowdhary, Australia; Professor S. Sakurai, Japan; Dr. R. Anbalagan,
IITR; Professor M. Kwasniewski, Poland; Dr. B. Singh; Professor B.B. Dhar,
Dr.N.M.Raju,Dr.A.K.Dube,Dr.J.L.Jethwa,Dr.V.M.Sharma,ATES;LateProfessor
L.S. Srivastava; Professor Gopal Ranjan, COER; Professor P.K. Jain, IITR; Professor
M.N.Viladkar,IITR;Dr.A.K.Dhawan,CSMRS;Dr.V.K.Mehrotra;Dr.H.S.Badrinath;
Dr.PrabhatKumar,CBRI;Dr.P.P.Bahuguna,ISM;Dr.SubhashMitra,UttaranchalIrri-
gation Department; Dr. R.B. Singh, Tala Hydroelectric Project, Bhutan; Dr. Mahendra
Singh, IITR; Dr. N.K. Samadhiya, IITR; Mr. H.S. Niranjan, HBTI and Dr. Rajesh
K. Goel, ONGC for their constant moral support and vital suggestions and for freely
sharing precious field data. The authors are also grateful to the scientists and engineers
of CMRI, CSMRS, UPIRI, IIT Roorkee, IIT Delhi and ATES, AIMIL, HEICO, VS
Engineering Services, New Delhi and to all project authorities for supporting the field
researches.TheauthorsarealsogratefultoMr.N.P.AtterkarandMr.SandeshAtterkar,
Soilex Ltd., Roorkee for kind support. Special thanks to Dr. Daya Shankar, IITR and
Dr. A.K. Chakraborty, CMRI for sharing their research work and contributing chapters
on “Application of Geophysics...” and “Blasting for Tunnels and Roadways”, respec-
tively. Thanks to Professor Yuzuru Ashdia, Kyoto University, Japan for allowing us to
usehisworkinChapter2.
The authors are also very grateful to their families and friends for their sacri-
ficing spirit. Without their support the writing of this book would have been very
difficult.
The authors also thank A.A. Balkema, the Netherlands; American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE), Reston; Ellis Horwood, U.K.; Institution of Mining & Metallurgy,
London;JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,NewYork;Springer-Verlag,Germany;TransTech.,
Germany; Wilmington Publishing House, U.K.; Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York;
ICIMOD, Kathmandu; Bureau of Indian Standards, India, for their kind permission to
reproduce material and also to all eminent professors, researchers and scientists whose
workisreferredtointhebook.
Preface ix
Allengineersandgeologistsarerequestedtokindlysendtheirprecioussuggestions
forimprovingthebooktotheauthorsforthefutureeditions.
BhawaniSingh RajnishK.Goel
Professor(Retd) ScientistF
DCE,IITRoorkee CMRIRegionalCentre
Roorkee,India Roorkee,India