Tumor Necrosis Factor: Methods and Protocols PDF
Preview Tumor Necrosis Factor: Methods and Protocols
Tumor Necrosis Factor M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R M E D I C I N E™ John M. Walker, SERIES EDITOR 102.Autoimmunity: Methods and Protocols, 87. Vaccine Protocols, Second Edition, edited edited by Andras Perl, 2004 byAndrew Robinson, Michael J. Hudson, and Martin P. Cranage, 2003 101.Cartilage and Osteoarthritis: Volume 2, Structure and In Vivo Analysis, edited by 86. Renal Disease: Techniques and Protocols, Frederic De Ceuninck, Massimo Sabatini, edited by Michael S. Goligorsky, 2003 and Philippe Pastoureau, 2004 85. Novel Anticancer Drug Protocols, edited 100.Cartilage and Osteoarthritis: Volume 1, byJohn K. Buolamwini and Alex A. Adjei, Cellular and Molecular Tools, edited by 2003 Massimo Sabatini, Philippe Pastoureau, 84. Opioid Research: Methods and Protocols, and Frederic De Ceuninck, 2004 edited by Zhizhong Z. Pan, 2003 99. Pain Research: Methods and Protocols, 83. Diabetes Mellitus: Methods and Protocols, edited by David Z. Luo, 2004 edited by Sabire Özcan, 2003 98. Tumor Necrosis Factor: Methods and 82. Hemoglobin Disorders: Molecular Protocols, edited by Angelo Corti and Methods and Protocols, edited by Ronald Pietro Ghezzi, 2004 L. Nagel, 2003 97. Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer: Methods and 81. Prostate Cancer Methods and Protocols, Protocols, Second Edition, edited by Joseph E. edited by Pamela J. Russell, Paul Jackson, Roulston and John M. S. Bartlett, 2004 and Elizabeth A. Kingsley, 2003 96. Hepatitis B and D Protocols: Volume 2, 80. Bone Research Protocols, edited by Miep Immunology, Model Systems, and Clinical H. Helfrich and Stuart H. Ralston, 2003 Studies, edited by Robert K. Hamatake and Johnson Y. N. Lau, 2004 79. Drugs of Abuse: Neurological Reviews and Protocols,edited by John Q. Wang, 2003 95. Hepatitis B and D Protocols: Volume 1, Detection, Genotypes, and Characterization, 78. Wound Healing: Methods and Protocols, edited by Robert K. Hamatake and Johnson edited by Luisa A. DiPietro and Aime L. Y. N. Lau, 2004 Burns, 2003 94. Molecular Diagnosis of Infectious 77. Psychiatric Genetics: Methods and Diseases,Second Edition, edited by Jochen Reviews,edited by Marion Leboyer and Decker and Udo Reischl, 2004 Frank Bellivier, 2003 93. Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, and 76. Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy: Methods Thrombolytics,edited by Shaker A. and Protocols, edited by Curtis A. Mousa, 2004 Machida, 2003 92. Molecular Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases, 75. Lung Cancer: Volume 2, Diagnostic and Second Edition, edited by Rob Elles and Therapeutic Methods and Reviews, edited Roger Mountford, 2004 byBarbara Driscoll, 2003 91. Pediatric Hematology: Methods and 74. Lung Cancer: Volume 1, Molecular Protocols,edited by Nicholas J. Goulden Pathology Methods and Reviews, edited by and Colin G. Steward, 2003 Barbara Driscoll, 2003 90. Suicide Gene Therapy: Methods and 73. E. coli:Shiga Toxin Methods and Reviews,edited by Caroline J. Springer, 2004 Protocols,edited by Dana Philpott and Frank Ebel, 2003 89. The Blood–Brain Barrier: Biology and Research Protocols, edited by Sukriti Nag, 2003 72. Malaria Methods and Protocols, edited by Denise L. Doolan, 2002 88. Cancer Cell Culture: Methods and Protocols,edited bySimon P. Langdon, 71. Haemophilus influenzae Protocols, edited 2003 byMark A. Herbert, Derek Hood, and E. Richard Moxon, 2002 M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R M E D I C I N E™ Tumor Necrosis Factor Methods and Protocols Edited by Angelo Corti Department of Biological and Technological Research, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, San Raffaele H Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy and Pietro Ghezzi Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy © 2004 Humana Press Inc. 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208 Totowa, New Jersey 07512 www.humanapress.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permis- sion from the Publisher. Methods in Molecular Medicine™ is a trademark of The Humana Press Inc. All papers, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. This publication is printed on acid-free paper. ∞ ANSI Z39.48-1984 (American Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. For additional copies, pricing for bulk purchases, and/or information about other Humana titles, contact Humana at the above address or at any of the following numbers: Tel: 973-256-1699; Fax: 973-256-8341; E-mail: [email protected], or visit our Website: http://humanapress.com Production Editor: Wendy S. Kopf. Cover design by Patricia F. Cleary. Cover illustration: Foreground: Courtesy of Dr. Angelo Corti. Background: See Fig. 1 from Chapter 9, “More Than One Way to Die: Methods to Determine TNF-Induced Apoptosis and Necrosis,” by Tom Vanden Berghe, Geertrui Denecker, Greet Brouckaert, Dmitri Vadimovisch Krysko, Katharina D’Herde, and Peter Vandenabeele. Photocopy Authorization Policy: Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Humana Press Inc., provided that the base fee of US $25.00 per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license from the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged and is acceptable to Humana Press Inc. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: [0-58829- 223-1/04 $25.00]. Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data e-ISBN: 1-59259-771-8 Tumor necrosis factor : methods and protocols / edited by Angelo Corti and Pietro Ghezzi. p. ; cm. -- (Methods in molecular medicine, ISSN 1543-1894 ; 98) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58829-223-1 (alk. paper) ISSN: 1543-1894 1. Tumor necrosis factor--Laboratory manuals. [DNLM: 1. Tumor Necrosis Factor. 2. Disease Models, Animal. 3. Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor. QW 630 T9242 2004] I. Corti, Angelo. II. Ghezzi, P. (Pietro) III. Series. QR185.8.T84T864 2004 616.07'9--dc22 2003027917 Preface Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in a vari- ety of physiological and pathological processes. After initial discovery of its ability to induce cell death and animal cachexia, it was soon realized that this cytokine played pivotal roles in the regulation of homeostasis and inflamma- tory–immune responses. This led to an explosion of interest in basic and trans- lational research activities on the role of TNF in many diseases, such as cancer, septic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, and infectious diseases of the central ner- vous system. Because of its potential therapeutic value, many academic and industrial research groups have worked to discover compounds that can block its activity. These studies have led to the approval of anti-TNF antibodies and soluble TNF receptors for the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s dis- ease. TNF also can be an attractive anticancer agent capable of damaging tumor- associated vessels and of inducing tumor necrosis in patients. The unique properties of TNF have led to its registration as a drug for locoregional treat- ment of sarcomas of the extremities, and stimulated many preclinical studies aimed at improving its therapeutic index for systemic use. Tumor Necrosis Factor: Methods and Protocols provides an overview of basic and translational research along with a series of practical procedures on TNF production, characterization, mutagenesis, detection in biological speci- mens, as well as several in vitro assays and animal models for studying the role of TNF in various diseases. This collection of protocols is a practical response to the great pathophysiological, therapeutic, and toxicological inter- est in these fields and should be of help to biochemists, molecular biologists, pharmacologists, and clinicians involved in TNF pathophysiology studies or in discovering new drug entities. Angelo Corti Pietro Ghezzi v Contents Preface ..............................................................................................................v Contributors .....................................................................................................ix 1 Tumor Necrosis Factor as a Pharmacological Target Pietro Ghezzi and Anthony Cerami......................................................1 2 Production and Characterization of Recombinant Human and Murine TNF Flavio Curnis and Angelo Corti............................................................9 3 Purification of TNF Binding Proteins Hartmut Engelmann, Dani Aderka, and David Wallach....................23 4 Production and Characterization of Receptor-Specific TNF Muteins Paul Ameloot and Peter Brouckaert...................................................33 5 TNFα Promoter Polymorphysms Silvia Fargion, Luca Valenti, Paola Dongiovanni, and Anna Ludovica Fracanzani......................................................47 6 Detection of TNF and TNF Receptor mRNA in Cells and Tissues Roberto Furlan, Giuliana Salani, Alessandra Bergami, and Gianvito Martino.....................................................................59 7 Immunohistochemical Localization of TNFα and Its Receptors in the Rodent Central Nervous System Paolo Bigini and Tiziana Mennini.......................................................73 8 TNF Signaling: Key Protocols Marta Muzio and Simona Saccani......................................................81 9 More Than One Way to Die: Methods to Determine TNF-Induced Apoptosis and Necrosis Tom Vanden Berghe, Geertrui Denecker, Greet Brouckaert, Dmitri Vadimovisch Krysko, Katharina D‘Herde, and Peter Vandenabeele...............................................................101 10 Assessment of TNFα-Induced Endothelial Damage Through the Loss of Its Barrier Function Elisabetta Ferrero..............................................................................127 vii viii Contents 11 Genetic Engineering in the Mouse: Tuning TNF/TNFR Expression Eleni Douni, Maria Alexiou, and George Kollias..............................137 12 TNFα in Experimental Diseases of the CNS Roberto Furlan, Pia Villa, Giorgio Senaldi, and Gianvito Martino...................................................................171 13 In Vivo Vascular Leakage Assay Maria Elena Ferrero..........................................................................191 14 Animal Models of Endotoxic Shock Pia Villa and Pietro Ghezzi...............................................................199 15 Collagen-Induced Arthritis as a Model for Rheumatoid Arthritis Richard O. Williams.........................................................................207 16 Myocardial Infarction: Animal Models Stefano Chimenti, Eleonora Carlo, Serge Masson, Antonio Bai, and Roberto Latini...................................................217 17 Tumor Vascular Therapy With TNF: Critical Review on Animal Models Timo L. M. ten Hagen and Alexander M. M. Eggermont..................227 18 Strategies for Improving the Anti-Neoplastic Activity of TNF by Tumor Targeting Angelo Corti......................................................................................247 Index ............................................................................................................265 Contributors DANI ADERKA • Department of Oncology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel MARIA ALEXIOU • Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming,” Vari, Greece PAUL AMELOOT • Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ANTONIO BAI • Department of Cardiovascular Research, Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Milan, Italy ALESSANDRA BERGAMI • Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan Italy PAOLO BIGINI • Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy GREET BROUCKAERT • Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent University and Department of Human Anatomy, Embryology, Histology and Medical Physics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium PETER BROUCKAERT • Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ELEONORA CARLO • Department of Cardiovascular Research, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy ANTHONY CERAMI • Kenneth S. Warren Institute, Ossining, NY STEFANO CHIMENTI • Department of Cardiovascular Research, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy ANGELO CORTI • Department of Biological and Technological Research, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, San Raffaele H Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy FLAVIO CURNIS • Biological and Technological Research, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, San Raffaele H Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy GEERTRUI DENECKER • Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent University and Department of Human Anatomy, Embryology, Histology, and Medical Physics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium KATHARINA D'HERDE • Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent University and Department of Human Anatomy, Embryology, Histology and Medical Physics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ix x Contributors PAOLA DONGIOVANNI • Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Maggiore Policlico IRCCS, Università degli Studi, Padiglione Granelli, Milan, Italy ELENI DOUNI • Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming,” Vari, Greece ALEXANDER M. M. EGGERMONT • Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC—Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands HARTMUT ENGELMANN • Institute for Immunology, Munich University, Munchen, Germany SILVIA FARGION • Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS, Università degli Studi, Padiglione Granelli, Milan, Italy ELISABETTA FERRERO • Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, San Raffaele H Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy MARIA ELENA FERRERO • Institute of General Pathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy ANNA LUDOVICA FRACANZANI • Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Maggiore Policlico IRCCS, Università degli Studi, Padiglione Granelli, Milan, Italy ROBERTO FURLAN • Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy PIETRO GHEZZI • Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy TIMO L. M. TEN HAGEN • Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC—Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands GEORGE KOLLIAS • Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming,” Vari, Greece DMITRI VADIMOVISCH KRYSKO • Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent University and Department of Human Anatomy, Embryology, Histology and Medical Physics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ROBERTO LATINI • Department of Cardiovascular Research, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy GIANVITO MARTINO • Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan Italy SERGE MASSON • Department of Cardiovascular Research, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy TIZIANA MENNINI • Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy MARTA MUZIO • DRO-Oncology, Pharmacology Department, Pharmacia, Nerviano, Italy
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