Tumor Necrosis Factor: Methods and Protocols

274 Pages·2004·2.937 MB·English

by  Pietro Ghezzi, Anthony Cerami (auth.), Angelo Corti, Pietro Ghezzi (eds.)

Tumor Necrosis Factor
M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R M E D I C I N E™
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M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R M E D I C I N E™
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Methods and Protocols
Edited by
Angelo Corti
Department of Biological and Technological Research,
Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program,
San Raffaele H Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
and
Pietro Ghezzi
Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
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Cover illustration: Foreground: Courtesy of Dr. Angelo Corti. Background: See Fig. 1 from Chapter 9, “More
Than One Way to Die: Methods to Determine TNF-Induced Apoptosis and Necrosis,” by Tom Vanden
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e-ISBN: 1-59259-771-8
Tumor necrosis factor : methods and protocols / edited by Angelo Corti and Pietro Ghezzi.
p. ; cm. -- (Methods in molecular medicine, ISSN 1543-1894 ; 98)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58829-223-1 (alk. paper)
ISSN: 1543-1894
1. Tumor necrosis factor--Laboratory manuals.
[DNLM: 1. Tumor Necrosis Factor. 2. Disease Models, Animal. 3. Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor.
QW 630 T9242 2004] I. Corti, Angelo. II. Ghezzi, P. (Pietro) III. Series.
QR185.8.T84T864 2004
616.07'9--dc22
2003027917
Preface
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in a vari-
ety of physiological and pathological processes. After initial discovery of its
ability to induce cell death and animal cachexia, it was soon realized that this
cytokine played pivotal roles in the regulation of homeostasis and inflamma-
tory–immune responses. This led to an explosion of interest in basic and trans-
lational research activities on the role of TNF in many diseases, such as cancer,
septic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, and infectious diseases of the central ner-
vous system. Because of its potential therapeutic value, many academic and
industrial research groups have worked to discover compounds that can block
its activity. These studies have led to the approval of anti-TNF antibodies and
soluble TNF receptors for the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s dis-
ease. TNF also can be an attractive anticancer agent capable of damaging tumor-
associated vessels and of inducing tumor necrosis in patients. The unique
properties of TNF have led to its registration as a drug for locoregional treat-
ment of sarcomas of the extremities, and stimulated many preclinical studies
aimed at improving its therapeutic index for systemic use.
Tumor Necrosis Factor: Methods and Protocols provides an overview of
basic and translational research along with a series of practical procedures on
TNF production, characterization, mutagenesis, detection in biological speci-
mens, as well as several in vitro assays and animal models for studying the
role of TNF in various diseases. This collection of protocols is a practical
response to the great pathophysiological, therapeutic, and toxicological inter-
est in these fields and should be of help to biochemists, molecular biologists,
pharmacologists, and clinicians involved in TNF pathophysiology studies or
in discovering new drug entities.
Angelo Corti
Pietro Ghezzi
v
Contents
Preface ..............................................................................................................v
Contributors .....................................................................................................ix
1 Tumor Necrosis Factor as a Pharmacological Target
Pietro Ghezzi and Anthony Cerami......................................................1
2 Production and Characterization of Recombinant
Human and Murine TNF
Flavio Curnis and Angelo Corti............................................................9
3 Purification of TNF Binding Proteins
Hartmut Engelmann, Dani Aderka, and David Wallach....................23
4 Production and Characterization
of Receptor-Specific TNF Muteins
Paul Ameloot and Peter Brouckaert...................................................33
5 TNFα Promoter Polymorphysms
Silvia Fargion, Luca Valenti, Paola Dongiovanni,
and Anna Ludovica Fracanzani......................................................47
6 Detection of TNF and TNF Receptor mRNA in Cells and Tissues
Roberto Furlan, Giuliana Salani, Alessandra Bergami,
and Gianvito Martino.....................................................................59
7 Immunohistochemical Localization of TNFα
and Its Receptors in the Rodent Central Nervous System
Paolo Bigini and Tiziana Mennini.......................................................73
8 TNF Signaling: Key Protocols
Marta Muzio and Simona Saccani......................................................81
9 More Than One Way to Die: Methods to Determine
TNF-Induced Apoptosis and Necrosis
Tom Vanden Berghe, Geertrui Denecker, Greet Brouckaert,
Dmitri Vadimovisch Krysko, Katharina D‘Herde,
and Peter Vandenabeele...............................................................101
10 Assessment of TNFα-Induced Endothelial Damage
Through the Loss of Its Barrier Function
Elisabetta Ferrero..............................................................................127
vii
viii Contents
11 Genetic Engineering in the Mouse: Tuning TNF/TNFR Expression
Eleni Douni, Maria Alexiou, and George Kollias..............................137
12 TNFα in Experimental Diseases of the CNS
Roberto Furlan, Pia Villa, Giorgio Senaldi,
and Gianvito Martino...................................................................171
13 In Vivo Vascular Leakage Assay
Maria Elena Ferrero..........................................................................191
14 Animal Models of Endotoxic Shock
Pia Villa and Pietro Ghezzi...............................................................199
15 Collagen-Induced Arthritis as a Model for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Richard O. Williams.........................................................................207
16 Myocardial Infarction: Animal Models
Stefano Chimenti, Eleonora Carlo, Serge Masson,
Antonio Bai, and Roberto Latini...................................................217
17 Tumor Vascular Therapy With TNF: Critical Review
on Animal Models
Timo L. M. ten Hagen and Alexander M. M. Eggermont..................227
18 Strategies for Improving the Anti-Neoplastic Activity
of TNF by Tumor Targeting
Angelo Corti......................................................................................247
Index ............................................................................................................265
Contributors
DANI ADERKA • Department of Oncology, Tel Aviv Medical Center,
Tel Aviv, Israel
MARIA ALEXIOU • Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research
Center “Alexander Fleming,” Vari, Greece
PAUL AMELOOT • Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Flanders
Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology and Ghent University,
Ghent, Belgium
ANTONIO BAI • Department of Cardiovascular Research, Instituto di Ricerche
Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Milan, Italy
ALESSANDRA BERGAMI • Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific
Institute, Milan Italy
PAOLO BIGINI • Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology,
Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
GREET BROUCKAERT • Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB,
Ghent University and Department of Human Anatomy, Embryology,
Histology and Medical Physics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
PETER BROUCKAERT • Department for Molecular Biomedical Research,
Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology and Ghent University,
Ghent, Belgium
ELEONORA CARLO • Department of Cardiovascular Research, Mario Negri
Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
ANTHONY CERAMI • Kenneth S. Warren Institute, Ossining, NY
STEFANO CHIMENTI • Department of Cardiovascular Research, Mario Negri
Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
ANGELO CORTI • Department of Biological and Technological Research,
Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, San Raffaele
H Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
FLAVIO CURNIS • Biological and Technological Research, Cancer
Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, San Raffaele H
Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
GEERTRUI DENECKER • Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB,
Ghent University and Department of Human Anatomy, Embryology,
Histology, and Medical Physics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
KATHARINA D'HERDE • Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB,
Ghent University and Department of Human Anatomy, Embryology,
Histology and Medical Physics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
ix
x Contributors
PAOLA DONGIOVANNI • Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Maggiore
Policlico IRCCS, Università degli Studi, Padiglione Granelli, Milan, Italy
ELENI DOUNI • Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research
Center “Alexander Fleming,” Vari, Greece
ALEXANDER M. M. EGGERMONT • Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus
MC—Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
HARTMUT ENGELMANN • Institute for Immunology, Munich University,
Munchen, Germany
SILVIA FARGION • Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Maggiore
Policlinico IRCCS, Università degli Studi, Padiglione Granelli, Milan, Italy
ELISABETTA FERRERO • Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, San Raffaele
H Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy
MARIA ELENA FERRERO • Institute of General Pathology, University of Milan,
Milan, Italy
ANNA LUDOVICA FRACANZANI • Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale
Maggiore Policlico IRCCS, Università degli Studi, Padiglione Granelli,
Milan, Italy
ROBERTO FURLAN • Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific
Institute, Milan, Italy
PIETRO GHEZZI • Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology,
Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
TIMO L. M. TEN HAGEN • Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus
MC—Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
GEORGE KOLLIAS • Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research
Center “Alexander Fleming,” Vari, Greece
DMITRI VADIMOVISCH KRYSKO • Department of Molecular Biomedical
Research, VIB, Ghent University and Department of Human Anatomy,
Embryology, Histology and Medical Physics, Ghent University, Ghent,
Belgium
ROBERTO LATINI • Department of Cardiovascular Research, Mario Negri
Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
GIANVITO MARTINO • Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific
Institute, Milan Italy
SERGE MASSON • Department of Cardiovascular Research, Mario Negri
Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
TIZIANA MENNINI • Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology,
Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
MARTA MUZIO • DRO-Oncology, Pharmacology Department, Pharmacia,
Nerviano, Italy