Tsunamis: 1992–1994: Their Generation, Dynamics, and Hazard PDF
Preview Tsunamis: 1992–1994: Their Generation, Dynamics, and Hazard
Dunamis: 1992-1994 Their Generation, Dynamics, and Hazard Edited by Kenji Satake Fumihiko Imamura 1995 Birkhauser Verlag Basel· Boston· Berlin Reprint from Pure and Applied Geophysics (PAGEOPH), Volume 144 (1995), No. 3/4 The Editor: Dr. Fumihiko Imamura, Associate Professor Dr. Kenji Satake Disaster Control Research Center Department of Geological Sciences Tohoku University University of Michigan Aoba, Sendai 980-88, Japan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1063 e-mail: [email protected] USA e-mail: [email protected] A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress, Washington D.C., USA Deutsche Bibliothek Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tsunamis: 1992-1994; their generation, dynamics, and hazard / ed. by Kenji Satake; Fumihiko Imamura. - Basel; Boston; Berlin: Birkhauser, 1995 ISBN-13: 978-3-7643-5102-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-0348-7279-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7279-9 NE: Satake, Kenji [Hrsg.] This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. For any kind of use, permission of the copyright owner must be obtained. © 1995 Birkhiiuser Verlag, P.O. Box 133, CH-4010 Basel, Switzerland Printed on acid-free paper produced from chlorine-free pulp 00 ISBN-13: 978-3-7643-5102-1 987654321 Contents 373 Introduction to "Tsunamis: 1992-94", K. Satake and F. Imamura 381 Analysis and Automatic Processing in Near-field of Eight 1992-1994 Tsunamigenic Earthquakes: Improvements Towards Real-time Tsunami Warning, F. Schindeie, D. Reymond, E. Gaucher and E. A. Okal 409 Edge Wave and Non-trapped Modes of the 25 April 1992 Cape Mendocino Tsunami, F. I. Gonzalez, K. Satake, E. F. Boss and H. O. Mojjeld 427 Ocean Cable Measurements of the Tsunami Signal from the 1992 Cape Mendocino Earthquake, D. J. Thomson, L. J. Lanzerotti, C. G. Maclennan and L. V. Medford 441 Source Characteristics of the 1992 Nicaragua Tsunami Earthquake Inferred from Teleseismic Body Waves, M. Kikuchi and H. Kanamori 455 Linear and Nonlinear Computations of the 1992 Nicaragua Earthquake Tsunami, K. Sa take 471 Magnitude Scale for the Central American Tsunamis, T. Hatori 481 Damage to Coastal Villages due to the 1992 Flores Island Earthquake Tsunami, Y. Tsuji, H. Matsutomi, F. Imamura, M. Takeo, Y. Kawata, M. Matsuyama, To. Takahashi, Sunarjo and P. Harjadi 525 Coastal Sedimentation Associated with the December 12th, 1992 Tsunami in Flores, Indonesia, S. Shi, A. G. Dawson and D. E. Smith 537 Modeling the Seismic Source and Tsunami Generation of the December 12, 1992 Flores Island, Indonesia, Earthquake, D. Hidayat, J. S. Barker and K. Satake 555 Numerical Simulation of the 1992 Flores Tsunami: Interpretation of Tsunami Phenomena in Northeastern Flores Island and Damage at Babi Island, F. Imamura, E. Gica, To. Takahashi and N. Shuto 569 Laboratory Experiments of Tsunami Runup on a Circular Island, M. J. Briggs, C. E. Synolakis, G. S. Harkins and D. R. Green 595 Tsunami Trapping near Circular Islands, S. Tinti and C. Vannini 621 Source Model of Noto-Hanto-Oki Earthquake Tsunami of 7 February 1993, Ku. Abe and M. Okada 633 Two 1993 Kamchatka Earthquakes, J. M. Johnson, Y. Tanioka, K. Satake and L. J. Ruff 649 Field Survey of the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Earthquake Tsunami, N. Shuto and H. Matsutomi 665 Field Survey Report on Tsunami Disasters Caused by the 1993 Southwest Hokkaido Earthquake, T. Shimamoto, A. Tsutsumi, E. Kawamoto, M. Miyawaki and H. Sato 693 Onshore Tsunami Deposits Caused by the 1993 Southwest Hokkaido and 1983 Japan Sea Earthquakes, H. Sato, T. Shimamoto, A. Tsutsumi and E. Kawamoto 719 Tsunami Deposits from the 1993 Southwest Hokkaido Earthquake and the 1640 Hokkaido Komagatake Eruption, Northern Japan, Y. Nishimura and N. Miyaji 735 . Modeling of the Runup Heights of the Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki Tsunami of 12 July 1993, Ka. Abe 747 Source Models for the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Earthquake Tsunami, To. Takahashi, Ta. Takahashi. N. Shuto, F. Imamura and M. Ortiz 769 Finite Element Modeling of the July 12, 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Tsunami, E. P. Myers and A. M. Baptista 803 Tsunami Generation of the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Earthquake, K. Satake and Y. Tanioka 823 Analysis of Seismological and Tsunami Data from the 1993 Guam Earth quake, Y. Tanioka, K. Satake and L. Ruff 839 Field Survey of the East Java Earthquake and Tsunami of June 3, 1994, Y. Tsuji, F. Imamura, H. Matsutomi, C. E. Synolakis, P. T. Nanang, Jumadi, S. Harada, S. S. Han, K. Arai and B. Cook 855 The 1994 Shikotan Earthquake Tsunamis, H. Yeh, V. Titov, V. Gusiakov, E. Pelinovsky, V. Khramushin and V. Kaistrenko 875 Field Survey of the 1994 Mindoro Island, Philippines Tsunami, F. Imamura, C. E. Synolakis, E. Gica, V. Titov, E. Listanco and H. J. Lee PAGEOPH, Vol. 145, Nos. 3/4 (1995) 0033-4553/95/040373-02$1.50 + 0.20/0 © 1995 Birkhiiuser Verlag, Basel Introduction to "Tsunamis: 1992-94" KENJI SATAKE1 and FUMIHIKO IMAMURA2 Background Tsunamis have caused extensive human and property damage in the world. There had not been a tsunami disaster since 1983, when the Japan Sea earthquake tsunami caused 100 fatalities. In the three-year period (1992-94), however, several destructive tsunamis occurred in the world and caused more than 1,500 casualties. After each of these tsunami disasters, field survey teams consisting of scientists and engineers from various fields and countries were dispatched. They measured tsunami runup heights and estimated the velocity, direction and other local behav ior. In addition to such hydrodynamic features, they searched for evidence of coseismic ground deformation and tsunami depositions and erosions. The first goal of this topical issue is to document data from these tsunamis for later use in various tsunami-related research. The second goal is to present research results on various aspects of the recent tsunamis. During the "quiet" period of tsunami activity between 1983 and 1992, significant developments in tsunami-related research have occurred. In seismology, semi-real-time access and analysis of seismological data have become possible and tsunami data have been used to study earthquake sources. Geologists have found tsunami deposits from various geological events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, submarine landslides and even a meteorite impact. On the observational side, deep ocean pressure gauges have been installed to record tsunami signals in the open ocean. Numerical modeling techniques of tsunami generation, propagation and runup processes have significantly improved, parallel to the development of computers. Three-dimensional runup processes have been modeled by theoretical, numerical, and experimental methods. It is noteworthy that cooperation among various fields has advanced the research. For example, in order to model tsunami inundation on a particular coast, we have found that an offshore boundary condition of sinusoidal wave incidence is Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, U.S.A. Now at: Seismotectonics 1 Research Section, Geological Survey of Japan, Tsukuba, 305 Japan. School of Civil Engineering, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand. Now at: Disaster 2 Control Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-77 Japan. W -..I "" ~ ~: en ~ I>\" (1) ~ ::s p.. i e: -I>\" 0 S e = .., ~ "1::1 ;I> 0 tt:I 0 "1::1 .:I: Region Cape Mendocino Mindanao Santa Cruz Is. Sanriku Nicaragua Flores Is. Noto-oki Kamchatka Hokkaido Guam Kamchatka Halmahera Sanriku Java Cape Mendocino Kuril (Shikotan) Halmahera KuriI aftershock Mindoro Sanriku s e sualti 0 0 0 0 170 1713 0 0 239 0 0 7 0 238 0 10 I 0 71 0 a C s. max. tsunami 1m small small 0.5m 10m 26m 0.2m 0.1 m 30m 1m small damaging 0.2m 14m 0.1 m 10m damaging 0.2m 7m 1m e to tsunami u d 1992-94 dep km) M., 15 7.1 33 7.5 19 7.0 29 6.9 45 7.2 28 7.5 6.2 II 71 7.3 17 7.6 59 8.0 34 7.0 20 7.2 13 6.3 18 7.2 10 7.0 33 8.1 31 6.8 23 7.0 33 7.1 33 7.5 de those not s in ( nclu e i Table I c Earthquak Longitude 124.3WW 126.762°E I 65.239°E o143.330E 87.340oW I. 12 896°E 137.245°E 157.829°E 139.197°E 144.80IE O I 58.647°E 127.733°E 143.683°E 112.835°E 125.680W o 147.328°E 127.992°E 147.905°E 121.08rE 143.491°E e casualties eni Th Tsunamig Latitude 40. 368°N 7. 19I oN I 22°S 1.1 39.419°N 11.742°N 8.480S o 37.634°N 51.218°N oN 42.851 12.982°N 51.934°N 1.015°N 40.608°N 10.47rS 4O.402°N 43.706°N 1.222'S c 43.899°N 13.532°N 40.4WN s (U.S.G.s). er nt sec 4.2 31.3 38.8 58.7 1.6 26.3 42.0 36.4 11.9 24.9 4.1 29.9 40.8 34.0 53.0 58.3 09.1 38.0 30.7 23.6 Epice f o mn 6 15 13 36 16 29 27 3 17 34 18 24 10 17 15 22 44 55 15 19 ation n mi hr 18 10 5 8 0 5 13 13 13 8 I 2 I 18 15 13 21 7 19 12 eter D y dy 25 17 27 18 2 12 7 8 12 8 13 21 8 2 4 8 9 14 28 nar mi mo 4 5 5 7 9 12 2 6 7 8 II I 4 6 9 10 10 10 II 12 o Preli t g Year 1992 1992 1992 1992 1992 1992 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 cordin c A Vol. 144, 1995 Introduction to "Tsunamis: 1992-94" 375 not appropriate, and tsunami generation and propagation from a geological fault model estimated from seismological analysis is necessary. The multidisciplinary nature of the tsunami phenomena has required geologists, seismologists, oceanogra phers and coastal engineers to interact. Recent developments in computer networking have also promoted the interac tion of researchers across disciplines. Immediately after the 1992 Nicaragua tsunami, the Tsunami Bulletin Board (originally called the Nicaragua Tsunami Bulletin Board) was established by the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory of N.O.A.A., U.S.A. This system ([email protected]) currently has about 130 subscribers worldwide and has been used to exchange information and data on tsunamis. It has been most useful after major tsunami events. Preliminary results of seismological analyses and numerical modeling were posted within a few days; field survey plans have been posted and discussed to form international survey teams; and the survey results were also posted. Tsunamigenic Earthquakes in 1992-94 Figure 1 shows the epicenters of large (Ms Z 6) earthquakes that occurred in the three-year period (1992-94), taken from the Preliminary Determination of Epicen ters (PDE) catalog published by the U.S.G.S. Most of approximately 200 events in the world occurred around the rim of the Pacific Ocean, and 20 of these events generated tsunamis. The tsunamigenic earthquakes are shown as shaded circles in Figure 1 and listed in Table 1. About half the tsunamis were smaller than 1 m in maximum height and caused no damage. The maximum tsunamis heights for 6 events exceeded 5 m, and they resulted in substantial human loss and property damage. Chronologically, the 6 largest events were: N}caragua (Sep. '92), Flores (Dec. '92), Hokkaido (July, '93), Java (June '94), Kuril (Oct. '94) and Mindoro (Nov. '94). The 1992 Nicaraguan earthquake generated substantially larger tsunamis than expected on the basis of the surface wave magnitude. Several similar earthquakes have occurred in the world and have been called "tsunami earthquakes," but the Nicaragua event was probably the first event documented by extensive seismologi cal and tsunami data. This was also the first tsunami event for which international survey teams were dispatched. The survey results have been reported in ABE et al. (1993), BAPTISTA et al. (1993) and SATAKE et al. (1993). Fatalities from the Flores Island earthquake were 1,700; more than half due to tsunamis. Several interesting phenomena, such as very large runup in localized regions (up to 26 m) and the total devastation on a small circular-shaped island (Babi Island), have been reported (YEH et al., 1993; and TSUJI et al., this topical volume). 376 Kenji Satake and Fumihiko Imamura PAGEOPH, 1992-94 Earthquakes (Ms>6.0) and Tsunamis 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 80 ~~~~--~~----~-----L----~~~~~~~ 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 o o o ·20 -20 o -40 -40 o 09 o (;) o o o -6o+-------.-------.-~o----_.------._------~------._----__+ ·60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 Figure I Epicenters of large shallow earthquakes (surface wave magnitude Ms equal or larger than 6.0) for the three-year period (1992-94) according to National Earthquake Information Center, the U.S.G.S. The size of the symbols is proportional to Ms. Tsunamigenic earthquakes are shown by shaded circles and listed in Table I. The Hokkaido earthquake of July 1993 produced a maximum runup height of 30 m on Okushiri Island, making it the largest tsunami in the three-year period. The fatalities which ensued from this earthquake and tsunami numbered about 230. This tsunami has been more extensively studied than any previous events. An initial report was made by the Hokkaido Tsunami Survey Group (1993). Eight follow-up papers appear in this volume. In 1994, three hazardous tsunami events took place. The Java earthquake in June was another example of a "tsunami earthquake"; there was no damage due to ground shaking, while the maximum tsunami height was 14 m and over 200 people died. The largest earthquake in terms of surface wave magnitude (M, 8.1) during the three-year period was the Kuril earthquake in October, 1994, although the tsunami caused little damage. The Mindoro, Philippines, earthquake in November was a strike-slip faulting, which is usually not effective in generating tsunamis. However, the runup height was as large as 7 m and about 70 people died.
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