Trends in International Migration 2002.

371 Pages·2003·4.263 MB·English

by  OECD

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Trends in International Migration 2
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This report analyses recent trends in migration movements and policies in OECD countries as well as in selected Trends in
non-member countries. It includes a detailed description of the flows and channels of immigration and the
nationalities of the migrants concerned. It highlights the contribution of immigration to increases in the total
International
population and the labour force and describes the changes that have taken place in the sectoral distribution of
foreign workers. It also underlines the growth of employment-based migration and the measures implemented by
some OECD countries to facilitate the recruitment of skilled and highly skilled foreign workers.
Migration
The report notes that the control of flows remains a high priority on the agenda of migration policies, as does the
extension of co-operation with countries of origin. Particular attention is given to the integration of immigrants,
and notably of youth, into the labour market and society as a whole.
In addition to this overall analysis, the reader will also find in this publication:
– Two sections on migration in East and South-East Asia, and recent developments in migration movements in
and from central and eastern European countries.
– A special chapter devoted to a comparative analysis of recent studies of labour shortages and the needs for
immigrants in OECD countries.
– Country notes describing in detail recent developments in migration flows and policies.
– A statistical annex containing the most recent available data on foreign and immigrant populations, foreign
workers, migration flows and naturalisations.
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SOPEMI
Trends
in International
Migration
Continuous Reporting System on Migration
ANNUAL REPORT
2002 EDITION
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force
on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote
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The original member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany,
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The following countries became members
subsequently through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th Janu-
ary 1969), Australia (7thJune 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic
(21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland (22nd November 1996), Korea (12th December 1996) and
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Publié en français sous le titre:
Tendances des migrations internationales
RAPPORT ANNUEL
© OECD 2003
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FOREWORD
This twenty-seventh annual report of the OECD Continuous Reporting System on Migration draws in large
part on 32written contributions from national correspondents (see the list at the end of this report), and on
the summary of their discussions at their last annual meeting (December 2001).
The 2002 Edition is divided into three parts and a Statistical Annex. PartI describes overall trends in
international migration. It focuses on the magnitude, the nature and the direction of flows, as well as the
presence of foreign workers in the labour market and in the various sectors of economic activity. Special
attention is also given to changes in the countries of origin of immigrants. Two additional sections describe in
detail migration in East and South-East Asia together with migration movements in and from Central and
Eastern Europe. PartI is completed by an overview of migration policies, in particular those relating to the
control of flows, the fight against irregular migration and illegal employment of foreigners, as well as the
integration of immigrants in host countries and international co-operation between sending and receiving
countries.
PartII is devoted to a comparative analysis of recent studies of labour shortages and the needs for
immigrants. The available studies confirm the existence of labour market tightness, especially for skilled
employment. The report highlights the diversity of methods used by OECD countries to evaluate current and
future labour shortages, with a special focus on the needs for IT workers as well as social and medical
personnel, and teachers. Labour market tightness also exists for some low-skilled jobs. However, not all OECD
countries are necessarily considering an increase in labour-related migration as an answer to the problem of
labour shortages. The report also shows that it is important to improve the way present and future generations
are prepared and trained to meet the needs of the labour market.
PartIII is composed of country notes describing recent developments in migration flows and policies in
twenty-nine OECD countries and selected non-member countries (The Baltic States, Bulgaria and Romania).
This volume is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD.
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© OECD 2003
Trends in International Migration
This report analyses recent trends in migration movements and policies in OECD countries as
well as in selected non-member countries. It includes a detailed description of the flows, the
different channels of immigration and the nationalities of the migrants concerned. It highlights the
contribution of immigration to increases in the total population and the labour force and describes
the changes that have taken place in the sectoral distribution of foreign workers. It also underlines
the growth of employment-based migration and the measures implemented by some OECD
countries to facilitate the recruitment of skilled and highly skilled foreign workers.
The report notes that the control of flows remains a high priority on the agenda of migration
policies, as does the extension of co-operation with countries of origin. Particular attention is given to
the integration of immigrants, and notably of youth, into the labour market and society as a whole.
In addition to this overall analysis, the reader will also find in this publication:
(cid:127) Two sections on migration in East and South-East Asia and recent developments in migration
movements in and from Central and Eastern European countries.
(cid:127) A special chapter devoted to a comparative analysis of recent studies of labour shortages and
the needs for immigrants in OECD countries.
(cid:127) Country notes describing in detail recent developments in migration flows and policies
(cid:127) A statistical annex containing the most recent available data on foreign and immigrant popula-
tions, foreign workers, migration flows and naturalisations.
4
© OECD 2003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Part I
MAIN TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
A. MIGRATION AND POPULATION TRENDS.......................................................................................................................... 17
1. Trends in migration movements and changes in the foreign population................................................................ 17
2. Immigration and population growth in OECD countries............................................................................................ 52
B. IMMIGRANTS AND THE LABOUR MARKET....................................................................................................................... 58
1. The contribution of foreigners to the labour force is increasing............................................................................... 58
2. Participation rates of foreigners by gender and place of birth: persistent imbalances......................................... 59
3. Sectoral breakdown and trends in the employment of foreigners........................................................................... 61
4. Foreigners are more vulnerable to unemployment than nationals.......................................................................... 67
C. RECENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN ASIA AND CENTRAL ANDEASTERN EUROPE................... 70
1. Recent developments in migration flows within East and South-East Asia............................................................ 71
2. Trends in migration flows in Central andEastern Europe......................................................................................... 78
D. AN OVERVIEW OF MIGRATION POLICIES.......................................................................................................................... 85
1. Policies for regulating and controlling flows................................................................................................................ 85
2. Reinforcement of legislation concerning the fight against irregular migration and illegal employment
of foreigners..................................................................................................................................................................... 88
3. Policies for the integration of immigrants.................................................................................................................... 91
4. Migration and international co-operation.................................................................................................................... 95
Part II
LABOUR SHORTAGES AND THE NEED FOR IMMIGRANTS: AREVIEW OF RECENT STUDIES
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................................ 103
A. MEASURING CURRENT LABOUR SHORTAGES................................................................................................................. 103
1. Trends in national statistics on the number ofregistered vacancies by sector ofemployment
and occupational category............................................................................................................................................. 104
2. Causes of labour shortages............................................................................................................................................ 104
3. Labour reserves exist but it would bedifficult to mobilise them rapidly............................................................... 105
B. THE ROLE OF MIGRATION IN ADDRESSING FUTURE LABOUR MARKET NEEDS...................................................... 106
1. Demographic challenges................................................................................................................................................ 106
2. Special studies on the economic need formigration................................................................................................. 111
C. STUDIES ON LABOUR SHORTAGES ATMICRO-LEVEL AND THE NEED FORIMMIGRANT WORKERS................... 113
1. Sector-level studies on the need for immigrant workers........................................................................................... 114
2. Studies on labour shortages by occupation................................................................................................................ 115
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................................................................ 117
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© OECD 2003
Trends in International Migration
Part III
RECENT CHANGES IN MIGRATION MOVEMENTS AND POLICIES
(COUNTRY NOTES)
Australia............................................................................. 129 Korea.................................................................................. 210
Austria................................................................................ 135 Luxembourg...................................................................... 214
The Baltic States............................................................... 140 Mexico................................................................................ 218
Belgium.............................................................................. 145 Netherlands...................................................................... 222
Bulgaria.............................................................................. 149 NewZealand..................................................................... 226
Canada............................................................................... 153 Norway............................................................................... 230
Czech Republic................................................................. 159 Poland................................................................................ 235
Denmark............................................................................. 164 Portugal.............................................................................. 239
Finland............................................................................... 169 Romania............................................................................. 243
France................................................................................. 173 Slovak Republic................................................................ 248
Germany............................................................................. 179 Spain.................................................................................. 253
Greece................................................................................ 185 Sweden.............................................................................. 258
Hungary.............................................................................. 189 Switzerland........................................................................ 263
Ireland................................................................................ 194 Turkey................................................................................ 269
Italy..................................................................................... 199 United Kingdom............................................................... 272
Japan................................................................................... 205 United States.................................................................... 278
STATISTICAL ANNEX
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................................ 283
A. SOURCES AND COMPARABILITY OF MIGRATION STATISTICS...................................................................................... 283
1. Sources of migration statistics....................................................................................................................................... 283
2. Measurement of migration flows................................................................................................................................... 285
3. Stocks of migrants and characteristics of the immigrant population........................................................................ 287
B. STATISTICAL SERIES............................................................................................................................................................. 288
LIST OF SOPEMI CORRESPONDENTS.................................................................................................................................... 371
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© OECD 2003
Table of Contents
List of Charts, Tables and Boxes
Part 1
MAIN TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
Maps
I.1 Foreign population in the European regions, 2001....................................................................................................... 47
I.2 Foreign-born population in the Australasian regions, 2001......................................................................................... 48
I.3 Foreign-born population in North American regions, 2000.......................................................................................... 49
Charts
I.1 Inflows of foreigners in selected OECD countries, 1980-2000...................................................................................... 18
I.2 Permanent or long-term immigration flows into selected OECD countries by main categories in 2000................ 22
I.3 Change in inflows of migrants by country of origin to selected OECD countries, 1990-1999 and 2000.................. 31
I.4 Stocks of foreign and foreign-born populations in selected OECD countries, 2000................................................. 39
I.5 Stocks of foreign and foreign-born populations by region of origin in all OECD countries, latest available year......... 41
I.6 Foreign and national populations by age group and by sex, latest available year.................................................. 43
I.7 School performance of children according to their place of birth and the place of birth of their parents............ 46
I.8 Percentage of foreigners in total population in selected OECD countries and measurement
of regional disparity, 2001................................................................................................................................................. 50
I.9 Cumulated percentage of the foreign and total population by regions, 2001........................................................... 50
I.10 Components of total population growth in selected OECD countries and in the European Union, 1960-2000.... 53
I.11 Natural increase and net migration rates in OECD countries, 2000............................................................................ 55
I.12 Foreign births in 2000........................................................................................................................................................ 56
I.13 Changes in foreign and total employment during economic recoveries in selected OECD countries.................. 62
I.14 Atypical employment by nationality in selected European OECD countries, 2001.................................................. 64
I.15 Proportion of foreigners in total unemployment related to their proportion in the labour force..................................... 68
I.16 Unemployment rate of youth unemployment according to nationality in selected OECD countries, 2001................. 69
I.17 Percentage of long-term unemployment according to nationality.............................................................................. 70
I.18 Naturalisation rate in selected OECD countries, 1990-2000......................................................................................... 94
Tables
I.1 Entries of temporary workers in certain OECD countries by principal categories, 1992, 1997-2000....................... 24
I.2 Inflows of asylum seekers in OECD countries in2001................................................................................................... 27
I.3 Stock of foreign students in selected OECD countries, 2000....................................................................................... 28
I.4 Transferees within companies in selected OECD countries, 1995-2000..................................................................... 29
I.5 Cross-border workers in selected OECD countries, 1985, 1990, 1995to2000........................................................... 29
I.6 Share of immigrants whose official language in their country of origin is the same as in the country
of residence, 2000.............................................................................................................................................................. 33
I.7 Relative importance of the top 5countries in the total immigration flows and stocks of foreigners
in selected OECD countries............................................................................................................................................. 35
I.8 Intra-European mobility of EU citizens, latest available year...................................................................................... 37
I.9 Stock of nationals from Nordic countries in other Nordic countries, 2000................................................................. 38
I.10 Foreign or foreign-born population in selected OECD countries, 1995and2000..................................................... 40
I.11 Foreign and national adult populations classified by level of education in selected OECD countries................. 45
I.12 Change in total population in OECD countries, 1950, 2000and2050......................................................................... 57
I.13 Foreign or foreign-born labour force in selected OECD countries, 1995and2000................................................... 59
I.14 Participation rate and unemployment rate of nationals and foreigners by sex in selected OECD countries,
2000-2001average.............................................................................................................................................................. 60
I.15 Employment of foreigners by sectors, 2000-2001average........................................................................................... 63
I.16 Self employed by nationality, 2001................................................................................................................................. 65
I.17 Employment in education, IT and health professions according to citizenship in selected OECD countries, 2001..... 66
I.18 Theoretical calculation of the number ofjobs to be created to absorb thediscrepancy between national
and foreign unemployment rates in selected OECD countries, 2001......................................................................... 68
I.19 Real GDP growth in selected Asian countries and in Australia, 1996-2001................................................................ 72
I.20 Unemployment rates in selected Asian countries and in Australia, 1996-2001......................................................... 72 7
© OECD 2003
Trends in International Migration
I.21 Total fertility rates in selected Asian countries, 1980, 1990and1999......................................................................... 73
I.22 Stocks of foreign workers in selected Asian countries, 1996-2001............................................................................... 73
I.23 Stocks of students in degree-granting institutions in the United States, 1954/55, 1974/75 and 2000/01................ 75
I.24 Top five nationalities of citizens from Central and Eastern Europe residing in selected OECD countries, 2000. 80
I.25 Foreigners residing in some Central and Eastern European countries, by major nationality, latest available year..... 81
I.26 Main regularisation programmes of immigrants in an irregular situation in selected OECD countries,
bynationality...................................................................................................................................................................... 90
Annex: Probability of foreigners aged 15to 64to be out of the labour force according to duration of residence
andselectedindividual characteristics........................................................................................................................ 101
Boxes
I.1 Migration statistics: definitions and comparability....................................................................................................... 19
I.2 The GATS negotiations on service provision................................................................................................................. 30
I.3 Origin of new immigrants and language skills (Theme box on the Integration of Immigrants)........................................... 33
I.4 School performance of children of foreign origin (Theme box on the Integration of Immigrants)...................................... 46
I.5 Integration in urban areas (Theme box on the Integration of Immigrants)............................................................................ 51
I.6 Immigrants age too… (Theme box on the Integration of Immigrants)................................................................................... 57
I.7 Young foreigners and the labour market (Theme box on the Integration of Immigrants)................................................... 69
I.8 Linguistic competence and integration into the labour market (Theme box on the Integration of Immigrants)............. 71
I.9 EU enlargement and impact on migration from the CEECs......................................................................................... 85
I.10 Unaccompanied minors: an increasing phenomenon and matter of concern (Theme box on the Integration
of Immigrants)........................................................................................................................................................................ 87
I.11 Seminar on the Integration of Young Immigrants in the Labour Market (Brussels, 6-7June2002), (Theme box
on the Integration of Immigrants)............................................................................................................................................ 93
Part II
LABOUR SHORTAGES AND THE NEED FOR IMMIGRANTS: AREVIEW OF RECENT STUDIES
Charts
II.1 Projections of the working age population (15-64) in selected OECD countries....................................................... 108
Tables
Annex
II.1 Employer surveys of labour shortages............................................................................................................................ 124
II.2 Projections of occupational labour demand in OECD countries................................................................................. 126
Boxes
II.1 Gains and losses in high skilled labour through migration.......................................................................................... 109
Part III
RECENT CHANGES IN MIGRATION MOVEMENTS AND POLICIES
Tables
III.1 Permanent and temporary migration programme outcomes, 1998-2001 and planning levels for permanent
settlers for2002, by category, Australia.......................................................................................................................... 130
III.2 Current figures on the components of total population change, on flows and stocks of foreign population
and labour force in Austria............................................................................................................................................... 136
III.3 Components of population changes since1990, Baltic States..................................................................................... 140
III.4 Current figures on the components of total population change, on flows and stocks of foreign population
and labour force in Belgium............................................................................................................................................. 146
III.5 Current figures on the foreign flows and stocks in Bulgaria......................................................................................... 150
III.6 Immigrants by category, 1998-2001, Canada.................................................................................................................. 154
III.7 Current figures on flows and stocks of migrants, Czech Republic............................................................................... 160
III.8 Current figures on flows and stocks of foreign population and labour force, Denmark........................................... 165
8 III.9 Current figures on flows and stocks of total population, Finland................................................................................ 170
© OECD 2003