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Travel Demand Forecasting PDF

170 Pages·2003·5.43 MB·English
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170 pages; Perfect Bind with SPINE COPY = 29.25 pts (can reduce type to 12 pts) ***UPDATE PAGE COUNT = FM + PAGES * ONLY ADJUST SPINE FOR McARDLE JOBS*** NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH NCHRP PROGRAM REPORT 716 Travel Demand Forecasting: Parameters and Techniques TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2012 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* OFFICERS Chair: Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson ViCe Chair: Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA exeCutiVe DireCtor: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board MEMBERS J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY William A.V. Clark, Professor of Geography and Professor of Statistics, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh James M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, TX Paula J. C. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia Michael W. Hancock, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort Chris T. Hendrickson, Duquesne Light Professor of Engineering, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA Adib K. Kanafani, Professor of the Graduate School, University of California, Berkeley Gary P. LaGrange, President and CEO, Port of New Orleans, LA Michael P. Lewis, Director, Rhode Island DOT, Providence Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City Joan McDonald, Commissioner, New York State DOT, Albany Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Regional General Manager, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and CEO, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, GA David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA Kumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Thomas K. Sorel, Commissioner, Minnesota DOT, St. Paul Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies; and Acting Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing Douglas W. Stotlar, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC John T. Gray II, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC Michael P. Huerta, Acting Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT David T. Matsuda, Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT Michael P. Melaniphy, President and CEO, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT Tara O’Toole, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S.DOT Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC Barry R. Wallerstein, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA Gregory D. Winfree, Acting Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT *Membership as of March 2012. N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP REPORT 716 Travel Demand Forecasting: Parameters and Techniques Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Cambridge, MA Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Silver Spring, MD Gallop Corporation Rockville, MD Chandra R. Bhat Austin, TX Shapiro Transportation Consulting, LLC Silver Spring, MD Martin/Alexiou/Bryson, PLLC Raleigh, NC Subscriber Categories Highways • Operations and Traffc Management • Planning and Forecasting • Safety and Human Factors Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offcials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration T R A NSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2012 www.TRB.org NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY NCHRP REPORT 716 RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 08-61 approach to the solution of many problems facing highway ISSN 0077-5614 administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISBN 978-0-309-21400-1 Library of Congress Control Number 2012935156 interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the © 2012 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of COPYRIGHT INFORMATION cooperative research. Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offcials published or copyrighted material used herein. initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this employing modern scientifc techniques. This program is supported on publication for classroom and not-for-proft purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of educational and not-for-proft uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission Transportation. from CRP. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board’s recognized objectivity and understanding of NOTICE modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it the Governing Board of the National Research Council. possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. in highway transportation matters to bring the fndings of research The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the directly to those who are in a position to use them. researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation The program is developed on the basis of research needs identifed Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specifc areas of research Council, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offcials. Research projects to fulfll these needs are defned by the Board, and qualifed research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs. Published reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Offce 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at: http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STA F OF R CN HRP REPORT 617 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Nanda Srinivasan, Senior Program Offcer Charlotte Thomas, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Senior Editor CN HRP PROEJ CT 16-80 PAEN L Field of Transportation Planning—Area of Forecasting Thomas J. Kane, Thomas J. Kane Consulting, Urbandale, IA (Chair) Michael S. Bruff, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh, NC Ed J. Christopher, Berwyn, IL Nathan S. Erlbaum, New York State DOT, Albany, NY Jerry D. Everett, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Bruce Griesenbeck, Sacramento Area Council of Governments, Sacramento, CA Herbert S. Levinson, Wallingford, CT Richard H. Pratt, Richard H. Pratt, Consultant, Inc., Garrett Park, MD Bijan Sartipi, California DOT, Oakland, CA Shuming Yan, Washington State DOT, Seattle, WA Ken Cervenka, FTA Liaison Kimberly Fisher, TRB Liaison ATU HOR ACONK ELW GD METN S The research project reported herein was performed under NCHRP Project 8-61 by Cambridge Systematics, Inc. in association with Dr. Chandra R. Bhat, Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc., Martin/ Alexiou/Bryson, PLLC, Gallop Corporation, and Shapiro Transportation Consulting, LLC. Cambridge Systematics served as prime contractor. Thomas Rossi of Cambridge Systematics served as project director and principal investigator. Major roles in this project were also performed by David Kurth, John (Jay) Evans, Daniel Beagan, Bruce Spear, Robert Schiffer, and Ramesh Thammiraju of Cambridge Systematics; Dr. Chandra Bhat; Richard Roisman, formerly of Vanasse Hangen Brustlin; Philip Shapiro of Shapiro Transportation Consulting (formerly of Vanasse Hangen Brustlin); C.Y. Jeng of Gallop Corporation; William Martin of Martin/Alexiou/Bryson; and Amlan Banerjee and Yasasvi Popuri, formerly of Cambridge Systematics. A peer review panel provided valuable comments on the draft report. The research team wishes to thank the peer review panel members: Charles Baber of the Baltimore Metropolitan Council, Bart Benthul of the Bryan-College Station Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO), Mike Conger of the Knoxville Regional Transportation Planning Organization, Ken Kaltenbach of the Corradino Group, Phil Matson of the Indian River MPO, Phil Mescher of the Iowa Department of Transportation, Jeremy Raw of the Federal Highway Administration, and David Schmitt of AECOM. The research team wishes to thank the following organizations and individuals for their assistance: Nancy McGuckin, Ron Milone of the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, and Jeffrey Agee-Aguayo of the Sheboygan MPO. F O R E W O R D By Nanda Srinivasan Staff Offcer Transportation Research Board sihT troper si na etadpu otNCHRP Report 365: Travel Estimation Techniques for Urban Planning and pro v i d e s gu i d e l i n e s on tra v e l de m a n d fo r e c a s t i n g pr o c e d u r e s an d the i r noitacilpa rof gnivlos nomoc noitatropsnart .smelborp ehT troper stneserp a egnar fo a p p r o a c h e s th a t al l o w us e r s to de t e r m i n e th e le v e l of de t a i l an d so p h i s t i c a t i o n in se l e c t - i n g mod e l i n g and ana l y s i s tec h n i q u e s mos t ap r o p r i a t e to the i r sit u a t i o n s and ad r e s s e s secnerefer etairporpa dna ,sretemarap tluafed fo esu lanoitpo ,seuqinhcet drawrof-thgiarts .seuqinhcet detacitsihpos erom rehto ot I n 19 7 8 , TRB publ i s h e d NCHRP Report 187: Quick-Response Urban Travel Estimation Techniques and Transferable Parameters . sihT troper debircsed tluafed ,sretemarap ,srotcaf dna launam seuqinhcet rof gniod elpmis gninalp .sisylana ehT troper dna sti tluafed atad erew desu ylediw yb eht noitatropsnart gninalp noiseforp rof tsomla 02 .sraey nI ,891 d r a w i n g on sev e r a l new e r dat a sou r c e s inc l u d i n g the 19 0 Cen s u s and Nat i o n a l Per s o n a l N ot etadp u na ,yev r uS lev ar T dlo h es uo H CHRP Report 187 N sa dehsi l bu p saw CHRP Report 365: Travel Estimation Techniques for Urban Planning. e c n i S NCHRP Report 365 g ns t ie d n tg e a e e cn r c h v , e a r � t a d f h u i h e f c cn h a s c g s a o i i w s l b u p , y , t es ig p n . x n org e in cen d l e n o t s c i n p v n i x n n a m a a t e non o h l a t w c a c P t n o l ro r p f o c g o p s n a r t g n i n n o a i l t pa t r o p s. sen s ad u rn Ta- , l e a id ni c aw e ”e, p n tle s ad ad a nuob tr o ltr su uy rc “e n b i t o s s u pe p o rs t y l a n a e l b i x e � e r o m d n a d e v o r p m i g n i l b a n e , d e t a r e f i l o r p d n a d e v l o v e e v a h s l o o t s n o i t a l u lp a o i p c o e td p e sn id n a ep g v x n a e i h n n an lo pi t a t r o p s sn d an ron ta . me ehs dTn o i s i c e d , g n i c i r p , n o i t s e g n o c , y t e f a s , . g . e ( s e u s s i r e d a o r b d n a ) g n u o y d n a , r e d l o , t n a r g i m m i , l a b i r t , . g . e ( i n s r e t e m a r a p d n a a t a d t l u a f e d e h t , n o i t i d d a n I . ) t h g i e r f d n a , t n e m n o r i v n e , y t i l a u q r i a NCHRP Report 365nex t t h e a n d t o d a y r e o q p f u l ia r n e n m i e n n g t t hs e r e � e c t t o u p d a t e d b e t o n e e d e d Nupda t e a n d r e v i s e t o w a s r e s e a r c h t h i s o f o b j e c t i v e t h e T h u s , y e a r s . 1 0 CHRP Report 365 t o r ce u� tre crc haet avn ret al pc rt tgoe druvtr feaioi omvod as raenaent enl n di cd c c a es s t i n g p r o c e d u r e s a n d t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n f o r s o l v i n g c o m m o n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o b l e m s . e s s a nh atn Vio wi t a i c o . snc, sins aIc i t a m e t se yg Sd i r b d mye abm Cr o f rsh eac pwr a e se eh rT negnaH ,niltsurB ,.cnI polaG ,noitaroproCD .r ardnahCR . ,tahB oripahS noitatropsnarT C o n s u l t i n g , LLC , and Mar t i n / A l e x i o u / B r y s o n , PLL C . Inf o r m a t i o n was gat h e r e d via lit e r - a t u r e re v i e w , in t e r v i e w s wi t h pr a c t i t i o n e r s , an d a dat a b a s e of pa r a m e t e r s co l l e c t e d fr o m natiloportem gninalp snoitazinagro sa lew sa morf eht 902 lanoitaN dlohesuoH levarT .yevruS srenalP nac ekam esu fo eht noitamrofni detneserp ni siht troper ni owt yramirp -poleved ledom rof elbatius atad lacol nehw stnenopmoc ledom levart poleved ot )1( :syaw .stuptuo ledom fo senelbanosaer eht kcehc ot )2( dna elbaliavanu ro tneic�fusni era tnem C O N T E N T S 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Travel Demand Forecasting: Trends and Issues 3 1.3 Overview of the Four-Step Travel Modeling Process 5 1.4 Summary of Techniques and Parameters 5 1.5 Model Validation and Reasonableness Checking 5 1.6 Advanced Travel Analysis Procedures 5 1.7 Case Study Applications 5 1.8 Glossary of Terms Used in This Report 7 Chapter 2 Planning Applications Context 7 2.1 Types of Planning Analyses 10 2.2 Urban Area Characteristics Affecting Planning and Modeling 41 Chapter 3 Data Needed for Modeling 14 3.1 Introduction 14 3.2 Socioeconomic Data and Transportation Analysis Zones 18 3.3 Network Data 24 3.4 Validation Data 72 Chapter 4 Model Components 27 4.1 Introduction 31 4.2 The Logit Model 33 4.3 Vehicle Availability 37 4.4 Trip Generation 43 4.5 Trip Distribution 48 4.6 External Travel 53 4.7 Mode Choice 58 4.8 Automobile Occupancy 62 4.9 Time of Day 65 4.10 Freight/Truck Modeling 72 4.11 Highway Assignment 77 4.12 Transit Assignment 08 Chapter 5 Model Validation and Reasonableness Checking 80 5.1 Introduction 80 5.2 Model Validation Overview 81 5.3 M odel Validation and Reasonableness Checking Procedures for Existing Models 86 5.4 M odel Validation and Reasonableness Checking Procedures for Models or Model Components Developed from Information Contained in Chapter 4 88 5.5 Cautions Regarding Use of This Report for Validation 89 Chapter 6 Emerging Modeling Practices 90 6.1 The Activity-Based Approach 92 6.2 Activity-Based Travel Model Systems in Practice 96 6.3 Integration with Other Model Systems 99 6.4 Summary 100 Chapter 7 Case Studies 100 7.1 Introduction 100 7.2 Model Reasonableness Check 108 7.3 M odel Development Case Study for a Smaller Area without Data for Model Estimation 114 References A-1 Appendix A Federal Planning and Modeling Requirements B-1 Appendix B Review of Literature on Transferability Studies C-1 Appendix C Transferable Parameters Note: Many of the photographs, fgures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions. 1 C h a p t e r 1 Introduction 1.1 Background planning issues (e.g., environmental, air quality, freight, multimodal, and other critical concerns). In 1978, the Transportation Research Board (TRB) published One of the features of this report is the provision of trans- NCHRP Report 187: Quick-Response Urban Travel Estimation ferable parameters for use when locally specifc data are not Techniques and Transferable Parameters (Sosslau et al., 1978). available for use in model estimation. The parameters pre- This report described default parameters, factors, and manual sented in this report are also useful to practitioners who are techniques for doing planning analysis. The report and its modeling urban areas that have local data but wish to check default data were used widely by the transportation planning the reasonableness of model parameters estimated from such profession for almost 20 years. In 1998, drawing on several data. Additionally, key travel measures, such as average travel newer data sources, including the 1990 Census and Nation- times by trip purpose, are provided for use in checking wide Personal Transportation Survey, an update to NCHRP model results. Both the transferable parameters and the Report 187 was published in the form of NCHRP Report 365: travel measures come from two main sources: the 2009 Travel Estimation Techniques for Urban Planning (Martin and National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) and a database McGuckin, 1998). of model documentation for 69 metropolitan planning Since NCHRP Report 365 was published, signifcant changes organizations (MPOs) assembled for the development of have occurred affecting the complexity, scope, and context this report. There are two primary ways in which planners of transportation planning. Transportation planning tools can make use of this information: have evolved and proliferated, enabling improved and more fexible analyses to support decisions. The demands on trans- 1. Using transferable parameters in the development of travel portation planning have expanded into special populations model components when local data suitable for model and broader issues (e.g., safety, congestion, pricing, air quality, development are insuffcient or unavailable; and environment, climate change, and freight). In addition, the 2. Checking the reasonableness of model outputs. default data and parameters in NCHRP Report 365 need to be updated to refect the planning requirements of today and This report is written at a time of exciting change in the the next 10 years. feld of travel demand forecasting. The four-step modeling The objective of this report is to revise and update NCHRP process that has been the paradigm for decades is no longer Report 365 to refect current travel characteristics and to pro- the only approach used in urban area modeling. Tour- and vide guidance on travel demand forecasting procedures and activity-based models have been and are being developed in their application for solving common transportation problems. several urban areas, including a sizable percentage of the largest It is written for “modeling practitioners,” who are the public areas in the United States. This change has the potential to agency and private-sector planners with responsibility for devel- signifcantly improve the accuracy and analytical capability oping, overseeing the development of, evaluating, validating, of travel demand models. and implementing travel demand models. This updated report At the same time, the four-step process will continue to be includes the optional use of default parameters and appropriate used for many years, especially in the smaller- and medium- references to other more sophisticated techniques. The report sized urban areas for which this report will remain a valuable is intended to allow practitioners to use travel demand fore- resource. With that in mind, this report provides information casting methods to address the full range of transportation on parameters and modeling techniques consistent with the

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