Table Of Content

Transportation Amid Pandemics This page intentionally left blank World Conference on Transport Research Society Transportation Amid Pandemics Lessons Learned from COVID-19 Edited by Junyi Zhang Co-chair, WCTRS COVID-19 Task Force, Mobilities and Urban Policy Lab, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan Yoshitsugu Hayashi Chair, WCTRS COVID-19 Task Force, Center for Sustainable Development and Global Smart City, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan Series Editors Füsun Ülengin Antony May Manfred Boltze Barghab Maitra Masanobu Kii Alison Conway Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 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ISBN: 978-0-323-99770-6 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Joseph P Hayton Acquisitions Editor: Kathryn Eryilmaz Editorial Project Manager: Helena Beauchamp Production Project Manager: Maria Bernard Cover Designer: Greg Harris Typeset by STRAIVE, India Contents Contributors xv 3. The public health challenge of Recommendation message from the Honorary COVID-19 President of the Club of Rome xix Saori Kashima and Junyi Zhang Message from a bridging actor between WCTRS and the Club of Rome xxi 3.1 Introduction 25 Preface: The journey of this book project xxiii 3.2 COVID-19 and emerging infectious diseases (EID) 25 1. COVID-19 and transport: 3.2.1 Emerging infectious diseases 25 Recording the history of fights 3.2.2 Public health emergency of against pandemics international concern 26 3.3 COVID-19 situation 27 Junyi Zhang and Yoshitsugu Hayashi 3.3.1 Modes of transmission for 1.1 Introduction 1 SARS-CoV-2 27 1.2 Part I: Pandemics 3 3.3.2 Timeline of COVID-19 27 1.3 Part II: Overall impacts 4 3.3.3 Risk factors of the severe clinical 1.4 Part III: Logistics and supply chains 4 condition of COVID-19 28 1.5 Part IV: Responses to distancing 3.4 Nonpharmaceutical intervention 29 policies and public transport 5 3.5 Necessity of planetary health 1.6 Part V: Recovery 7 approach 30 1.7 Part VI: Future transformation 8 3.6 Conclusion 30 1.8 Summary 9 3.7 Key messages 31 1.9 Final remarks 9 3.7.1 Key findings 31 References 10 3.7.2 Policy recommendations 31 3.7.3 Research recommendations 31 References 32 Part I Pandemics Part II Overall impacts 2. Historical overview of pandemics Hitomi Nakanishi and Yasuko Hassall Kobayashi 4. The impacts of the built environment factors and 2.1 Introduction 15 population mobility on the spread 2.2 Case study 1: Plague (14th, 17–18th)— of COVID-19 during its initial Pandemic during the age of trading and population growth 15 stage of the COVID-19 pandemic: 2.2.1 Historical background: How A case of China long-distance travel and means Shuang Ma, Shuangjin Li, and Junyi Zhang of transportation evolved 15 2.2.2 Black death and quarantine 17 4.1 Introduction 37 2.3 Case study 2: Spanish flu (20th century) 19 4.2 Data and method 38 2.4 Case study 3: SARS (21st century) 20 4.3 Result 38 2.5 Discussion and conclusion 21 4.3.1 The spatial agglomeration of References 23 RCIC and CVIV 38 v vi Contents 4.3.2 The influence of the built 6.4 Impacts on the transport sector 74 environment on COVID-19 spread 41 6.4.1 Passenger transport 75 4.4 Conclusion 45 6.4.2 Air passenger transport 77 4.5 Messages 45 6.4.3 Passenger rail transport 77 4.5.1 Key findings 45 6.4.4 Urban passenger transport 78 4.5.2 Policy recommendations 45 6.4.5 Long-distance freight transport 78 4.5.3 Research recommendations 45 6.4.6 CEP transport and e-Commerce 79 References 45 6.5 Outlook for economic and transport development 79 5. Impacts of COVID-19 on the 6.5.1 Economic development 79 transport sector in China: Facts 6.5.2 Transport development 81 and insights from early stages 6.5.3 The challenges in the interim and post-COVID-19 phases 82 Huiyu Zhou, Yacan Wang, and 6.6 Summary and conclusions 84 Joseph R. Huscroft References 85 5.1 Introduction 47 7. Impacts of COVID-19 on transport 5.2 Confirmed infection cases and deaths in China 48 and responses to pandemic 5.3 Preparedness: Lessons learned from control in the Philippines history, guidelines, and contingency Hussein Sinsuat Lidasan plans of different transportation modes and facilities 52 7.1 Introduction 87 5.4 Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic 54 7.1.1 Preface 87 5.4.1 Impact of COVID-19 on China’s 7.1.2 The country’s COVID-19 situation 87 economy, society, and people’s 7.2 Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic lives 54 on the economy and transport 5.4.2 Impacts on international travel 54 environment 88 5.4.3 Impacts on transportation system 55 7.2.1 Basic economic and transport 5.4.4 Impacts on inter- and intra-city profile 88 transportation 55 7.2.2 Basic transport situation 90 5.5 During-pandemic policy measures 57 7.2.3 Consequences of the pandemic 94 5.6 Changes in lifestyles and business 7.3 Government response to mitigate operation styles as well as society due pandemic impacts 98 to the pandemic 63 7.4 Moving forward in incorporating the 5.7 Lessons learned from the during- transport policy framework on how pandemic measures and to address COVID-19 pandemic 102 experience 65 References 104 5.8 Conclusions, policy recommendations, future research 67 8. Changes in mobility and Acknowledgment 67 challenges to the transport sector References 67 in Brazil due to COVID-19 6. Impacts of COVID-19 on the Antônio Nélson Rodrigues da Silva, Cira Souza Pitombo, Jorge Ubirajara Pedreira Junior, economy and the transportation Thayanne Gabryelle Medeiros Ciriaco, system in Germany and Carolina Silva Costa Werner Rothengatter 8.1 Introduction 105 6.1 Introduction 71 8.2 Remote work and education 105 6.2 Pandemic waves 72 8.3 Impacts on transport demand 107 6.3 Economic impacts 73 8.4 Public transport services 109 6.3.1 Change of economic indicators 73 8.5 Demand control measures in public 6.3.2 State support and increasing transport 111 budget deficits 74 8.6 Positive outcomes 112 Contents vii 8.7 Future trends and policy-related 10. Urban logistics and COVID-19 challenges 113 Laetitia Dablanc 8.8 Final remarks 114 8.8.1 Key findings 114 10.1 Introduction 131 8.8.2 Policy recommendations 115 10.2 Referenced impacts of the pandemic 8.8.3 Research recommendations 115 on urban logistics 132 References 115 10.2.1 Monitoring and assessing COVID impacts in real time 132 10.2.2 A massive acceleration in Part III online shopping 132 Logistics and supply chains 10.2.3 Changes and innovations in urban freight service provision 133 9. Control and countermeasures for 10.2.4 On-demand “instant COVID-19 in the cold chain: The deliveries” have taken center experiences of cold chain logistics stage 134 in China 10.2.5 Warehousing developments 134 10.3 Case study in Paris: Impacts of Taoxing Zhu and Suixin Wang COVID on urban logistics operators 134 10.3.1 The first lockdown: Extreme 9.1 Background and research on the cold variability of orders and chain transmission of COVID-19 121 sectorial economic difficulties 135 9.1.1 Background 121 10.3.2 Two sectorial focuses: Parcel 9.1.2 Literature review 122 delivery and instant food 9.2 Import cold chain links and COVID-19 delivery 136 invasion risk process 123 10.3.3 Logistics real estate delayed 9.2.1 Import cold chain logistics by administrative hurdles 136 process 123 10.3.4 A summary of stakeholder 9.2.2 Possible contamination points issues and adaptability 136 along cold chain links 124 10.4 Policy implications 137 9.3 Epidemic risk control in the cold chain 125 10.4.1 Fast and efficient responses to 9.3.1 Strictly implement epidemic the first emergencies 137 prevention measures 125 10.4.2 Logistics omitted from several 9.3.2 Strengthening of personnel postlockdown initiatives 138 protection 127 10.5 Changing urban logistics in a 9.3.3 Effective connection of cold postpandemic world 138 chain links 128 10.6 Key messages 139 9.4 Epidemic prevention and control 10.6.1 Key findings 139 mechanism based on cold chain links 128 10.6.2 Policy recommendations 139 9.4.1 A perfect risk control 10.6.3 Research recommendations 140 mechanism shall be established References 140 for cold chain logistics 128 9.4.2 Strictly follow the implementation 11. Freight operations in the European mechanism of import and export Union during the COVID-19 cold chain standards 129 9.4.3 Establishment of scientific pandemic: A multicountry comparison monitoring mechanism for Ralf Elbert, Felix Roeper, Thierry Vanelslander, international cold chain and Federico Cavallaro communication of COVID-19 129 9.4.4 Development of global 11.1 Introduction 143 COVID-19 cold chain 11.2 Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic cooperation prevention and on freight transport in the EU 143 control mechanism 129 11.2.1 Belgium 144 9.5 Conclusions and discussion 129 11.2.2 Italy 145 References 130 11.2.3 Germany 147 viii Contents 11.3 Government support for freight 13.2.7 Sweden 172 operations in the EU 148 13.2.8 Spain 172 11.3.1 Measures in Belgium 150 13.2.9 Iran 172 11.3.2 Measures in Italy 150 13.3 Climate and energy 172 11.3.3 Measures in Germany 150 13.4 Investment 174 11.4 Conclusion 151 13.5 Start-up community 174 11.5 Key messages 151 13.6 Automation 175 11.5.1 Key findings 151 13.7 Cooperation 175 11.5.2 Policy recommendations 152 13.8 Cluster development 176 11.5.3 Research recommendations 152 13.9 Hinterland and accessibility 176 References 152 13.10 Labor 177 13.11 Sector focus: Automative and 12. Short-run impacts of COVID-19 e-commerce 177 13.12 Research 178 on the maritime and port sector: 13.13 Conclusion: Findings and Measures and recommended recommendations 178 policies 13.13.1 Findings 178 Thierry Vanelslander 13.13.2 Policy recommendations 178 13.13.3 Scientific recommendations 178 12.1 Introduction 153 Acknowledgment 179 12.2 Immediate impacts of the COVID-19 References 179 pandemic 154 12.2.1 Overall perceived traffic impacts 154 14. The impact of COVID-19 on air 12.2.2 Traffic statistics 155 cargo logistics and supply chains 12.2.3 Capacity inputs and utilization 160 12.3 During-pandemic policy measures 161 Lucy Budd and Stephen Ison 12.4 Changes in lifestyles and business 14.1 Introduction 183 operation styles as well as society due 14.1.1 Air cargo defined 184 to the pandemic 163 14.1.2 The scale, scope, and pattern 12.5 Lessons learned from the during- of global air cargo operations 184 pandemic measures, guidelines, 14.2 Changing nature of air cargo demand and contingency plans 165 during the COVID-19 pandemic 185 12.6 Conclusion: Findings and 14.3 Supply side challenges 186 recommendations 166 14.4 Future provision and challenges 187 12.6.1 Findings 166 14.5 Messages 187 12.6.2 Policy recommendations 166 14.5.1 Key findings 187 12.6.3 Scientific recommendations 166 14.5.2 Policy recommendations 187 Acknowledgments 167 14.5.3 Research recommendations 188 References 167 References 188 13. Longer-run policy measures on COVID-19 for the maritime Part IV and port sector: Plans and Responses to distancing policies and recommendations public transport Thierry Vanelslander and Patrick Verhoeven 15. Changes in activity organization 13.1 Introduction 169 13.2 Digitalization 170 and travel behavior choices in the 13.2.1 Singapore 170 United States 13.2.2 United Kingdom 170 Jaime Soza-Parra, Giovanni Circella, 13.2.3 Germany 171 and Daniel Sperling 13.2.4 Belgium 171 13.2.5 Netherlands 171 15.1 Introduction 191 13.2.6 Denmark 171 15.2 Changes in lifestyles 192 Contents ix 15.3 Changes in work habit and mobility 195 18. The impacts of COVID-19 and 15.4 Long-term consequences, planning, social distancing policies on social equity implications, and policy capital in Japan recommendations 197 15.4.1 Planning and equity Hiroyoshi Morita, Tsuyoshi Takano, implications, and policy Shinichiro Nakamura, and recommendations 198 Yoshitsugu Hayashi 15.5 Key messages 199 18.1 Introduction 233 15.5.1 Key findings 199 18.2 Data and method 234 15.5.2 Policy recommendations 199 18.3 Results 235 15.5.3 Research recommendations 199 18.3.1 Impact of social distancing References 199 against COVID-19 on lifestyle, behavior, and income 235 16. Social contact patterns and 18.3.2 Differences in the impact of changes at leisure/tourism activity socioeconomic conditions on settings during COVID-19 period: lifestyle and income 240 An international comparison 18.3.3 Impact of lifestyle changes on social environment 241 Rui Liu, Hongxiang Ding, and Junyi Zhang 18.3.4 Change in social capital 244 16.1 Introduction 201 18.4 Discussion 245 16.2 Survey and data 202 18.5 Conclusions 245 16.3 Results 203 18.6 Key messages 245 16.3.1 Activity participation 203 18.6.1 Key findings 245 16.3.2 Social contact patterns 204 18.6.2 Policy recommendations 246 16.4 Conclusions 221 18.6.3 Research recommendations 246 16.5 Messages 221 Acknowledgments 246 16.5.1 Key findings 221 References 246 16.5.2 Key policy recommendations 221 16.5.3 Research recommendations 222 19. Restriction of public transport Acknowledgment 222 services as a part of COVID-19 References 222 containment policies and user responses 17. A cross-country analysis of behavioral changes in response Takeru Shibayama to COVID-19 social distancing 19.1 Introduction 247 policies 19.2 COVID-19 policies in the public transport sector 248 Hiroyoshi Morita, Tsuyoshi Takano, Shinichiro 19.2.1 OxCGRT data 248 Nakamura, and Yoshitsugu Hayashi 19.2.2 Service restrictions of public 17.1 Introduction 225 transport 249 17.2 Data 226 19.2.3 Interrelations between service 17.2.1 Mobility change data 226 restriction and movement 17.2.2 Oxford COVID-19 restriction 250 government response tracker 226 19.3 User response to public transport 17.3 Methods 227 during pandemic 252 17.4 Results and discussion 227 19.3.1 TU Wien questionnaire 252 17.5 Conclusion 230 19.3.2 Changes in commuting travel 17.6 Key messages 231 behavior 252 17.6.1 Key findings 231 19.3.3 Mode choice 253 17.6.2 Policy recommendations 231 19.3.4 Reasons for changes in mode 17.6.3 Research recommendations 231 choice 253 Acknowledgments 231 19.4 Discussion and conclusion 258 References 231 References 259