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Transplutonium Elements—Production and Recovery PDF

292 Pages·1981·4.63 MB·English
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1 0 0 w 1.f 6 1 1-0 Transplutonium Elements- 8 9 1 k- b 1/ Production and Recovery 2 0 1 0. 1 oi: d 1 | 8 9 1 0, 2 y ul J e: at D n o ati c bli u P In Transplutonium Elements—Production and Recovery; Navratil, J., el al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981. 1 0 0 w 1.f 6 1 0 1- 8 9 1 k- b 1/ 2 0 1 0. 1 oi: d 1 | 8 9 1 0, 2 y ul J e: at D n o ati c bli u P In Transplutonium Elements—Production and Recovery; Navratil, J., el al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981. Transplutonium Elements- Production and Recovery James D. Navratil, EDITOR International Atomic Energy Agency Wallace W. Schulz, EDITOR 01 Rockwell Hanford Operations 0 w 1.f 6 1 0 1- 8 9 Based on a symposium 1 k- b 1/ 02 cosponsored by the Divisions of 1 0. 1 oi: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry d 1 | 8 9 1 and Nuclear Chemistry and Technology 0, 2 y Jul at the Second Chemical Congress e: at D n of the North American Continent o ati c bli u (180th ACS National Meeting), P Las Vegas, Nevada, August 27-28, 1980. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 161 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY WASHINGTON, D. C. 1981 In Transplutonium Elements—Production and Recovery; Navratil, J., el al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981. Library of Congress CIP Data Transplutonium elements, production and recovery. (ACS symposium series, ISSN 0097-6156; 161) 1 0 w0 "Based on a symposium cosponsored by the Divisions 1.f of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry and Nuclear 6 Chemistry and Technology at the Second Chemical 1 0 Congress of the North American Continent (180th 81- ACS national meeting), Las Vegas, Nevada, August 19 27-28, 1980." k- b Includes bibliographies and index. 1/ 02 1. Transplutonium elements—Congresses. 0.1 I. Navratil, James D., 1941- . II. Schulz, Wal 1 lace W. III. Chemical Congress of the North Ameri oi: can Continent (2nd: 1980: Las Vegas). IV. American 1 | d iCngh emCihcaeml Sisotrcyie.t yV. .D Aivmiseiroinca onf CInhdemusitcraial l Saoncdie tyE.n gDinieveir 8 9 sion of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology. VI. Title. 1 0, VII. Series: ACS symposium series; 161. 2 y QD172.T65T7 621.48'335 81-7999 Jul ISBN 0-8412-0638-4 AACR2 ACSMC8 161 1-302 e: 1981 at D n o ati c ubli Copyright © 1981 P American Chemical Society All Rights Reserved. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of each article in this volume indicates the copyright owner's consent that reprographic copies of the article may be made for personal or internal use or for the personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to copying or transmission by any means—graphic or electronic—for any other purpose, such as for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective work, for resale, or for information storage and retrieval systems. The citation of trade names and/or names of manufacturers in this publication is not to be construed as an endorsement or as approval by ACS of the commercial products or services referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemical process, or other data be regarded as a license or as a conveyance of any right or permission, to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, repro duce, use, or sell any patented invention or copyrighted work that may in any way be related thereto. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA In Transplutonium Elements—Production and Recovery; Navratil, J., el al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981. ACS Symposium Series 1 0 M. Joan Comstock, Series Editor 0 w 1.f 6 1 0 1- 8 9 1 bk- Advisory Board 1/ 2 0 1 0. David L. Allara James P. Lodge 1 oi: 1 | d Kenneth B. Bischoff Marvin Margoshes 8 9 0, 1 Donald D. Dollberg Leon Petrakis 2 y Jul Robert E. Feeney Theodore Provder e: at n D Jack Halpern F. Sherwood Rowland o ati blic Brian M. Harney Dennis Schuetzle u P W. Jeffrey Howe Davis L. Temple, Jr. James D. Idol, Jr. Gunter Zweig In Transplutonium Elements—Production and Recovery; Navratil, J., el al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981. FOREWORD 1 The ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was founded in 1974 to provide 0 0 w a medium for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The 61.f format of the Series parallels that of the continuing ADVANCES 1 1-0 IN CHEMISTRY SERIES except that in order to save time the 8 9 papers are not typeset but are reproduced as they are sub 1 bk- mitted by the authors in camera-ready form. Papers are re 1/ 2 viewed under the supervision of the Editors with the assistance 0 1 0. of the Series Advisory Board and are selected to maintain the 1 oi: integrity of the symposia; however, verbatim reproductions of d 1 | previously published papers are not accepted. Both reviews 98 and reports of research are acceptable since symposia may 1 0, embrace both types of presentation. 2 y ul J e: at D n o ati c bli u P In Transplutonium Elements—Production and Recovery; Navratil, J., el al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981. PREFACE C ertain of the transplutonium elements are used extensively in nuclear gauges and in many other fields as well. Industrial-scale production of these man-made elements requires development and application of appropriate recovery, separation, and purification processes. The 17 papers in this volume provide authoritative, in-depth coverage of an important area of nuclear and industrial chemistry. In addition to 12 1 U.S. authored papers, there are papers from authors in France, Japan, 0 pr0 Peoples Republic of China, Sweden, and West Germany. This volume thus 61. includes contributions from most countries in the world that have significant 1 1-0 transplutonium element production and recovery programs and facilities. 8 9 We believe that this collection of papers will provide members of the 1 bk- nuclear community and chemists and engineers everywhere a comprehensive 1/ 2 review of what is currently going on at the "bottom of the Periodic Table." 0 1 0. 1 oi: JAMES D. NAVRATIL d 1 | Vienna, Austria 8 9 1 0, WALLACE W. SCHULZ 2 uly Richland, Washington J ate: January 1, 1981 D n o ati c bli u P ix In Transplutonium Elements—Production and Recovery; Navratil, J., el al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981. 1 0 0 pr 1. 6 1 0 1- 8 9 1 k- b 1/ 2 0 1 0. 1 oi: d 1 | 8 9 1 0, 2 y ul J e: at D n o ati c bli u P In Transplutonium Elements—Production and Recovery; Navratil, J., el al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981. INTRODUCTION T his collection of the state-of-the-art papers emphasizes the continuing importance of industrial-scale production, separation, and recovery of transplutonium elements. Americium (At. No. 95) and curium (At. No. 96) were first isolated in weighable amounts during and immediately after World War II. Berkelium and californium were isolated in 1958 and einsteinium in 1961. These five man-made elements, in each case, sub 01 sequently became available in increasing quantities. 0 pr The U.S. transplutonium element production programs in the 1940s, 1. 16 1950s, and early 1960s used, successively, nuclear reactors at Oak Ridge, 0 1- Hanford, Chalk River (Canada), and Idaho. Higher-flux reactors at 8 9 1 Savannah River and Oak Ridge were used in the late 1960s and during k- b the 1970s for production of kilogram amounts of both americium and 1/ 02 curium, grams of californium, and milligrams of berkelium and einsteinium. 1 10. The transeinsteinium elements up through element 106 are produced, by oi: bombardment of lighter actinide isotopes with heavy ions, in tracer d 1 | quantitites that continue to diminish, and very much so, with atomic 8 19 number. 0, 2 y ul GLENN T. SEABORG J ate: Berkeley, California D n o ati c bli u P xi In Transplutonium Elements—Production and Recovery; Navratil, J., el al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981. 1 Production of Transplutonium Elements in the High Flux Isotope Reactor J. E. BIGELOW, B. L. CORBETT, L. J. KING, S. C. McGUIRE, and T. M. SIMS Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box X, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 The National Transplutonium Element Production Program was established in the late 1950's to concentrate the "large-scale" 1 00 production of transplutonium elements at a central location. h c These products are then distributed to researchers throughout 1. 6 the country upon the recommendations of a Transplutonium Pro 1 1-0 gram Committee which is comprised of representatives from the 98 major laboratories which have an interest in transplutonium ele 1 k- ment research. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory was selected b 1/ as the site for these production facilities, consisting of 2 0 a high flux reactor and an adjacent radiochemical processing 1 0. plant, which are capable of producing gram amounts of 252Cf and 1 oi: related quantities of the other heavy elements (1). These man- 81 | d meassdeed eslaefmeelnyt sa nadr e reallil abilny teonnsley lyi nr aadn ioealcatbiovrea taen d recmaont eb eh apnr oc 9 1 dling facility, such as the Transuranium Processing Plant (TRU). 20, This facility and some of the processes carried out therein for uly recovery and purification of transplutonium elements are e: J described in other papers in this symposium (2,3,4,5). We at have now made over 1000 shipments of these products to 30 dif D n ferent laboratories throughout the U.S. and in several foreign o ati countries, attesting to the success of the Program. c bli All of this would not be possible without the High Flux u P Isotope Reactor (HFIR) to serve as a source of neutrons to carry out the transmutation of the elements. Since first reaching full power (100 MW) on October 21, 1966, the HFIR has logged 4148 equivalent full power days through December 31, 1979, for an overall operating efficiency of 86%. During many years, this figure has run 93% or more. The purpose of this paper is to indicate the capabilities of the HFIR for transplutonium element production and particularly to dwell on the mathematical techniques involved in forecasting the composition of irradiated target materials. Also described are some of the uses to which such forecasts are put. Early work along this line was published by Burch, Arnold, and Chetham- Strode (6), providing the basis for design of HFIR and TRU. 0097-6156/81/0161 -0003$05.00/0 © 1981 American Chemical Society In Transplutonium Elements—Production and Recovery; Navratil, J., el al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.

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Content: Production of transplutonium elements in the high flux isotope reactor / J.E. Bigelow, B.L. Corbett, L.J. King, S.C. McGuire, and T.M. Sims -- The production of transplutonium elements in France / G. Koehly, J. Bourges, C. Madic, R. Sontag, and C. Kertesz -- Transplutonium elements, by-prod
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