Transit Migration: The Missing Link between Emigration and Settlement PDF
Preview Transit Migration: The Missing Link between Emigration and Settlement
Migration, Minorities and Citizenship General Editors: Zig Layton-Henry, Professor of Politics, University of Warwick; and Daniele JoIy, Professor, Director, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick Titles include: Muhammad Anwar, Patrick Roach and Ranjit Sondhi (editors) FROM LEGISLATION TO INTEGRATION? Race Relations in Britain James A. Beckford, Daniele Joly and Farhad Khosrokhavar MUSLIMS IN PRISON Challenge and Change in Britain and France Christophe Bertossi (editor) EUROPEAN ANTI-DISCRIMINATION AND THE POLITICS OF CITIZENSHIP Britain and France Thomas Faist and Andreas Ette (editors) THE EUROPEANIZATION OF NATIONAL POLICIES AND POLITICS OF IMMIGRATION Between Autonomy and the European Union Thomas Faist and Peter Kivisto (editors) DUAL CITIZENSHIP IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE From Unitary to Multiple Citizenship Adrian Favell PHILOSOPHIES OF INTEGRATION Immigration and the Idea of Citizenship in France and Britain Agata Gorny and Paulo Ruspini (editors) MIGRATION IN THE NEW EUROPE East-West Revisited James Hampshire CITIZENSHIP AND BELONGING Immigration and the Politics of Democratic Governance in Postwar Britain John R. Hinnells (editor) RELIGIOUS RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOUTH ASIAN DIASPORAS From One Generation to Another Daniele Joly GLOBAL CHANGES IN ASYLUM REGIMES (editor) Closing Doors Zig Layton-Henry and Czarina Wi/pert (editors) CHALLENGING RACISM IN BRITAIN AND GERMANY J0fgen S. Nielsen TOWARDS A EUROPEAN ISLAM Pontus Odmalm MIGRATION POLICIES AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION Inclusion or Intrusion in Western Europe Aspasia Papadopoulou-Kourkoula TRANSIT MIGRATION The Missing Link Between Emigration and Settlement Jan Rath (editor) IMMIGRANT BUSINESSES The Economic, Political and Social Environment Carl-Ulrik Schierup (editor) SCRAMBLE FOR THE BALKANS Nationalism, Globalism and the Political Economy of Reconstruction Maarten Vink LIMITS OF EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP European Integration and Domestic Immigration Policies Osten Wahlbeck KURDISH DIASPORAS A Comparative Study of Kurdish Refugee Communities Migration, Minorities and Citizenship Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71047-0 (hardback) and 978-0-333-80338-7 (paperback) (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England. Transit Migration The Missing Link between Emigration and Settlement Aspasia Papadopoulou-Kourkoula palgrave macmillan * © Aspasia Papadopoulou-Kourkoula 2008 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008978-0-230-55533-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WlT 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. IISSBBNN 997788--11--334499--3366441155--22 ISISBBNN 997788--00--223300--5588338800--11 ( e(eBBooookk)) D00O1I 1100..110055771/9977880022330508538830810 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging. pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Papadopoulou-Kourkoula, Aspasia, 1976- Transit migration: the missing link between emigration and settlement I Aspasia Papadopoulou-Kourkoula. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-349-36415-2 (alk. paper) 1. Emigration and immigration-Social aspects. 2. Immigrants-Social conditions. 3. Europe-Emigration and immigration-Social aspects. 4. Immigrants-Europe-Social conditions. I. Title. JV6225.P372008 304.8-<1c22 2008020653 Transferred to Digital Printing 2012 To Constantin Contents Preface ix List ofA bbreviations xii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Transit 3 1.2 Focus and methodological considerations 8 1.3 Plan of the book 10 2 Migration in Europe 15 2.1 European migration and asylum policy 15 2.2 The external dimension of EU migration and asylum 30 policy 3 Transit in Europe: The Case of Greece 46 3.1 Greece: destination and transit 47 3.2 A tale of refugee camps 60 4 Being in Transit 69 4.1 The journey and the smuggling business 71 4.2 What is it like being in transit? 81 5 Transit in the Maghreb: Sub-Saharans and el-harga 91 5.1 Migration trends and policies in North Africa 91 5.2 Transit in Morocco 109 6 Transit in the East: Shifting Borders 116 6.1 Mobility patterns in the East in the 1990s 116 6.2 The new migrations of the East 123 7 Conclusion 141 Notes 150 Bibliography 158 Index 168 vii Preface Scene 1: Penteli refugee camp, Athens, winter 2002 We are sitting together with Nermin in her room and she is telling me about the job she used to have, a teacher in a primary school in Suleimaniya. Sipping the tea she made for me, I hear about how much she likes teaching and children. She wants to work again, she has missed it. She also wants to have children she says, it's been two years since they got married but with all this moving around and the constant uncertainty it was just not possible. They arrived here about one year ago and they have been living in this room ever since. The room looks as if they arrived yesterday. Clothes piled up on a chair, a few belongings here and there and that's all. I am asking whether they are leaving soon. Who knows, she says, it depends, in the end they may stay in Greece as well. 'We just want to have a normal life soon, just like you have', she says as she sees me to the door. Scene 2: UNHCR Rabat Office, Morocco, spring 2006 The taxi drops me off at the UNHCR office. A crowd of over 30 people, all Africans, is gathered at the gate and there seems to be a furore. Some are waving a note they hold in their hands, they have come for the interview. A woman is holding her baby in front of her and argues with someone. She needs to take the baby to the doctor she says, and she cannot afford it. A young man, clutching his mobile in one hand, seems to have a leading role, he is discussing with the guards, while four or five others are standing in a circle around him. Some others are waiting further back, gathered under a tree. They have come to regis ter. The guard is calling the name of someone that has an interview, but nobody seems to respond. As I approach the gate, I hear someone saying that this person has left. For Spain, he explains. Last time they saw him was two weeks ago. No news since. This book was written in two phases. The first phase was in the years 2000-4, when I was reading for a PhD degree at Oxford University. I picked the case of Kurdish asylum seekers in Greece to research and embarked on a search to explain how reception policies affect the course of refugee movements. After a couple of interviews and visits, I realized that the reasons that affected the course of movement of the ix
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