Transducers and Arrays for Underwater Sound PDF
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Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing John L. Butler Charles H. Sherman Transducers and Arrays for Underwater Sound Second Edition Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing Editor-in-Chief WilliamM.Hartmann,EastLansing,USA EditorialBoard YoichiAndo,Kobe,Japan WhitlowW.L.Au,Kane’ohe,USA ArthurB.Baggeroer,Cambridge,USA NevilleH.Fletcher,Canberra,Australia ChristopherR.Fuller,Blacksburg,USA WilliamA.Kuperman,LaJolla,USA JoanneL.Miller,Boston,USA AlexandraI.Tolstoy,McLean,USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/3754 The ASA Press TheASAPressimprintrepresentsacollaborationbetween theAcousticalSociety ofAmericaandSpringerdedicatedtoencouragingthepublicationofimportantnew booksinacoustics.Publishedtitlesareintendedtoreflectthefullrangeofresearch inacoustics.ASAPressbookscanincludealltypesofbookspublishedbySpringer andmayappearinanyappropriateSpringerbookseries. EditorialBoard JamesCottingham(Chair),CoeCollege DianaDeutsch,UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego TimothyF.Duda,WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution RobinGlosemeyerPetrone,ThresholdAcoustics MarkF.Hamilton,UniversityofTexasatAustin WilliamM.Hartmann,MichiganStateUniversity JamesF.Lynch,WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution PhilipL.Marston,WashingtonStateUniversity ArthurN.Popper,UniversityofMaryland MartinSiderius,PortlandStateUniversity AndreaM.Simmons,BrownUniversity NingXiang,RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute WilliamYost,ArizonaStateUniversity John L. Butler • Charles H. Sherman Transducers and Arrays for Underwater Sound Second Edition JohnL.Butler CharlesH.Sherman ChiefScientist ImageAcoustics,Inc. ImageAcoustics,Inc. Cohasset,MA,USA Cohasset,MA,USA ISSN2364-4915 ISSN2364-4923 (electronic) ModernAcousticsandSignalProcessing ISBN978-3-319-39042-0 ISBN978-3-319-39044-4 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-39044-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016943832 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2007,2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerland Acoustical Society of America ThemissionoftheAcousticalSocietyofAmerica(www.acousticalsociety.org)is to increase and diffuse the knowledge of acoustics and promote its practical applications.TheASAisrecognizedastheworld’spremierinternationalscientific societyinacoustics,andcountsamongitsmorethan7,000members,professionals in the fields of bioacoustics, engineering, architecture, speech, music, oceanogra- phy,signalprocessing,soundandvibration,andnoisecontrol. Sinceitsfirstmeetingin1929,TheAcousticalSocietyofAmericahasenjoyeda healthygrowthinmembershipandinstature.Thepresentmembershipofapprox- imately 7,500 includes leaders in acoustics in the United States of America and other countries. The Society has attracted members from various fields related to soundincludingengineering,physics,oceanography,lifesciences,noiseandnoise control,architecturalacoustics;psychologicalandphysiologicalacoustics;applied acoustics; music and musical instruments; speech communication; ultrasonics, radiation, and scattering; mechanical vibrations and shock; underwater sound; aeroacoustics; macrosonics; acoustical signal processing; bioacoustics; and many moretopics. To assure adequate attention to these separate fields and to new ones that may develop,theSocietyestablishestechnicalcommitteesandtechnicalgroupscharged with keeping abreast of developments and needs of the membership in their specialized fields. This diversity and the opportunity it provides for interchange ofknowledgeandpointsofviewhasbecomeoneofthestrengthsoftheSociety. The Society’s publishing program has historically included the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, the magazine Acoustics Today, a newsletter, and variousbooksauthoredbyitsmembersacrossthemanytopicalareasofacoustics. Inaddition,ASAmembersareinvolvedinthedevelopmentofacousticalstandards concernedwithterminology,measurementprocedures,andcriteriafordetermining theeffectsofnoiseandvibration. Series Preface for Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing Inthepopularmind,theterm“acoustics”referstothepropertiesofaroomorother environment—the acoustics of a room are good or the acoustics are bad. But as understoodintheprofessionalacousticalsocietiesoftheworld,suchasthehighly influentialAcousticalSocietyofAmerica,theconceptofacousticsismuchbroader. Of course, it is concerned with the acoustical properties of concert halls, class- rooms, offices, and factories—a topic generally known as architectural acoustics, butitisalsoconcernedwithvibrationsandwavestoohighortoolowtobeaudible. Acousticians employ ultrasound in probing the properties of materials, or in medicine for imaging, diagnosis, therapy, and surgery. Acoustics includes infrasound—the wind-driven motions of skyscrapers, the vibrations of the earth, andthemacroscopicdynamicsofthesun. Acousticsstudiestheinteractionofwaveswithstructures,fromthedetectionof submarinesintheseatothebuffetingofspacecraft.Thescopeofacousticsranges from the electronic recording of rock and roll and the control of noise in our environmentstotheinhomogeneousdistributionofmatterinthecosmos. Acousticsextendstotheproductionandreceptionofspeechandtothesongsof humans and animals. It is in music, from the generation of sounds by musical instruments to the emotional response of listeners. Along this path, acoustics encounters the complex processing in the auditory nervous system, its anatomy, genetics,andphysiology—perceptionandbehavioroflivingthings. Acoustics is a practical science, andmodern acoustics is so tightly coupled to digital signal processing that the two fields have become inseparable. Signal processing is not only an indispensable tool for synthesis and analysis but it also informsmanyofourmostfundamentalmodelsabouthowacousticalcommunica- tionsystemswork. Given the importance of acoustics to modern science, industry, and human welfareSpringerpresentsthisseriesofscientificliterature,entitledModernAcous- tics and Signal Processing. This series of monographs and reference books is intended to cover all areas of today’s acoustics as an interdisciplinary field. We expect that scientists, engineers, and graduate students will find the books in this seriesusefulintheirresearch,teaching,andstudies. WilliamM.Hartmann To Nancy Preface to Second Edition This second edition presents the theory and practice of underwater sound electro- acoustic transducers and arrays as developed during the last half of the twentieth centuryandintotheinitialpartofthetwenty-firstcentury.Thissecondeditionhas beenreorganizedintoaformsuitableforstudentsaswellasengineersorscientists who use or design transducers and arrays and includes new design concepts, analysis,anddata. Comprehensive coverage is presented on the subject of transducers and arrays forunderwatersound.Themostimportantbasicconceptsofelectroacoustictrans- duction are introduced in Chap. 1, after a brief historical review and a survey of some ofthe manyapplications of transducers and arrays. Chapter2describesand compares the six major types of electroacoustic transducers, presents additional transducer concepts and characteristics, and introduces the equivalent circuit method of transducer analysis. Chapter 3 describes the principal methods of transducer modeling, analysis, and design, including an introduction to the finite element method. Chapter 4 gives further discussion of the most important trans- ducercharacteristics. Chapters5–8containthemainbodyofresultsonmoderntransducersandarrays. Chapters5and6covertransducersasprojectors,whichproducesound,andtrans- ducers as hydrophones, which receive sound, including many details of specific transducerdesignsastheyareusedincurrentapplicationsaswellasnewdesigns. Chapters7and8explainthebenefitsofcombininglargenumbersoftransducersin arraysthatoftencontainhundredsofindividualtransducers.Theselargearraysare necessary in many sonar applications, but they introduce other problems that are also discussed and analyzed. Chapter 9 is a summary of the major methods of measurementusedfortheevaluationoftransducerandarrayperformance. Chapter 10 presents the basic acoustics concepts and analysis necessary for determining those acoustical quantities, such as directivity patterns and radiation impedance,whichareessentialtotransducerandarrayanalysisanddesign.Italso includes useful results for such quantities in several typical cases. Chapter 11 extends the discussion of acoustical quantities by introducing more advanced ix
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