traits needed in different occupational roles, (3) the allocation - Eric

230 Pages·2012·7.14 MB·English

'DOCUMENT
RISUPSII
ED 029 122
24
VT 008 138
By- Alexander-Frutschi, Marian, Ed.
Occupational Education and Training for Development; Account of an International Conference at Stanford
Stanford Univ., Calif. Stanford International Development Education Center (SIDEC).
Spons Agency-Office of Education (DHEW), Washington. D.C.
Report No- OET-2
Bureau No-BR-6-2597
Pub Date 68
Contract OEC-4 -7-062597-1654
Note- 228p.
Available from-Publications Secretary, SIDEC, School of Education, P.O. Box 2329, Stanford, California 94305
EDRS Price MF-SLOO HC-S11.50
Descriptors-Agricultural Education, *Conference Reports, Curriculum Development, Educational Irprovement,
Educational Needs, *Educational Problems, Foreign Countries, Interdisciplinary Approach. *International
Programs, Organization, *Program Planning, Research Needs, *Vocational Education. Workshops
Identifiers-*Workshop On Occupational Education And Training
Thirty-three participants with experience in 15 countries concerned Themselves
of
with
the
following
role
the
(1)
issues:
education
in
achieving
economic-social-political development,. (2) types of skills, knowledge, and personality
traits needed in different occupational roles, (3) the allocation of functions of
occupational education among various institutions and systems of instruction, (4)
organizations and incentives for promoting training by employing organizations, (5)
ways of providing feedback about the actual needs of the production system, (6) the
advisability of separate academic and vocational schools at secondary level, (7) the
of occupational
cost
effectivess
methods of
education,
(8)
and
financing
occupational education. Major topics discussed during the July 24-August 4, 1967
period were: (1) Interrelationships of General and Occupational Eciucation, (2)
Curriculum Development in Occupational Education and Training, (3) Organization of
Education and
A9ricultural and Rural
Aspects of
Occupational
(4)
Training,
Occupational Education and Training, and (5) 'Frontiers for Action in Occupational
Education and Training. Discussion of the workshop participants, 16 prepared
"papers
pretented for discussion by participants, and
a reference list are included. (DM).
.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE
OFFICE OF EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM
THE
PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.
POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS
STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION
POSITION OR POLICY.
OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION and TRAINING
FOR DEVELOPMENT:
ACCOUNT OF AN. INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE AT. STANFORD
by Marian Alexander-Frutschi, Edipar
7
OET-2
13e- 6
performed
The research reported herein was
the Office of Education,
pursuant to a contract with
Education, and Welfare,
U. S. Department of Health,
Contract No. OEC-4-7-0.§2597-4654.
such projects under.
Contractors undertaking
encouraged to express
Government sponsorship are
in the conduct
freely their professional judgment
Points of view or opinions stated
of the project.
official
do not, therefore, necessarily represent
policy.
Office of Education position or
Education Center (SIDEC)
Stanford International Development
School of Education
:Stanford Univevgity
Stanford, Califfmnia, U.S.A.
1968
DEVELOMENT
AND METHODS OF EDUCATION FOR
SIDEC STUDIES ON CONTENT
Education and Training
Sub-series on Occupational
Development,
Education and Training for
Planning Occupational
OET-1.
1968.
by Eugene Staley.
An Account
amd Training for Development:
Occupational Educatice
OET-2.
August 5, 1967,
Workshop Held July 24 through
of the International
Alexander-Frutschi, Editor.
California, by Marian
at Stanford,
1968.
A Case Study in
Education and Training:
Issues in Occupational
OET-3.
1968.
Al-Eukhari.
Jordan, by Najati
Case Study in
Education and Trainin
Issues in Occupational
OET-4.
1968.
Tunisia, by Najati Al-Bukhari.
in India,
for Industrial Development
Education and Training
OET-5.
1968.
by B. S. Venkata Rao.
Social and Civic Attitudes
and the Formation of
Sub-series on Education
Studies in preparation.
Transfornation
and the Rural-Urban
Sub-series on Education
Studies in preparation.
and
publications, including handling
Information about these
the Publications
be obtained by addressing
shipping charges, may
Box 2329, Stanford,
of Education, P. 0.
Secretary, SIDEC, School
California, 94305, U.S.A.
FOREWORD
by
Eugene Staley
initiated the international Work-
The letter of invitaticm which
and Training for Development announced
shop on Occupational Education
discussioa would "deal with the prepara-
that the two weeks of roundtable
for occupational roles, both in newly
tion of young people and adults
Drawing upon experiences
economies."
developing and highly developed
questions of policy, program, and
around the world, it would "raise
and development leaders every-
method which concern educational planners
circulated in advance and
With the help of background papers
where."
participants and expert consultants, it
of a highly selected group of
of occupational prepara-
would "explore traditional and emerging concepts
clarify controversial issues
practices'
...
tion, examine current 'best
arrive at principles that can
and unsolved raoblems, and endeavor to
and training plans of countries
help to guide the occupational education
In particular, it was anticipated
in various stages of development."
attention:
that the following issues would receive
occupationally-oriented
role of general and of
-- The
education in achieving economic-social-political
development.
traits
of skills, knowledge, and personality
-- The types
and in different
needed in different occupatianal roles
How can
How can these be analyzed?
lines of activity.
designing curriculum
they best be taken into account in
of instruction?
content, syllabi, and methods
occupational education
The allocation of functions of
--
and systems of
and training among various institutions
Whidh functions are best handled as a part
instruction.
In special vocational, technical,
of regular schooling?
By class-
schools prior to employment?
or professional
instruction at the point of employment
room or on-the-job
By apprenticeihip, internghip, or
or after employment?
demonstra-
By conferences, conventions,
similar devices?
services, correspondence
tions, advisory or extension
other extra-school means?
courses, and
promoting more and
Organizations and incentives for
--
organizations.
better training by employing
providing feedback to the education and train-
-- Ways of
ing system about the actual needs of the production
system.
advisability of separate academic and vocational
- - The
schools at the secondary level vs. comprehensive or
multichannel schools.
of various types and methods of
- - The relative costs
occupational education and training, and benefits in
relation to costs.
Methods of financing occupational education and
- -
training.
The summary record
These were in fact the issues discussed.
read-
presented in the present volume makes stimulating and illuminating
One is the rare combination of
ing, thanks especially to two factors.
wad articu-
broad knowledge, sound scholarship, responsible experience,
The other is the
lateness represented in the international gathering.
has
perspicacity and industry with which Mrs. Marian Alexander-Frutschi
extracting the essential
worked through the voluminous discussion record,
together mutually
ideas, sorting and rearranging them so as to bring
orderly account.
reinforcing contributions, thus producing a coherent and
edited result is more co-
As can happen with a skilled rapporteur, the
take of oral discussion.
herent and orderly than the original give and
occupational
This report is the second in a set of studies on
economic-social-political
education and training as related to problems of
The
development which S1DEC is issuing as part of its research program.
SIDEC is to advance theoreti-
central endeavor of the research program at
pertinent to deter-
cal and empirical knowledge and practical strategies
The
for development.
mining optimum content and methods of education
constitute one of the
studies on occupational education and training
Other major-subdivisions,
major subdivisions within this over-all program.
include 1) Educaticm's Role in the
in which studies are now in progress,
2) Education's Role in the
Formation of Social and Civic Attitudes and
A list of studies already issued or in prepa-
Rural-Urban Transformation.
ration may be seen on page iii.
research on the Content and
This three-pronged program of SIDEC
assisted by funds
Methods of Education for Development is substantially
Office of Education, Depart-
available under a research contract with the
Welfare of the United States Government.
ment of Health, Education, and
except to a minor extent,
While the expenses of the Workshop itself were,
reporting and circulating
defrayed from other sources, the expense of
have been met fran the
the results of the discussions in this volume
research contract funds.
vi
STANFORD UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
Center (SIDEC)
Stanford International Development Education
AND TRAINING FOR DEVELOPMENT
WORKSHOP ON OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION
July 24 - August 4, 1967
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Job Corps Center,
Director of Instruction, Rodman
R. Ward Abronaki, Jr. -
(operated by Science Research
New Bedford, Massachusetts
Formerly
of IBM).
Associates, Inc., a subsidiary
Trade Corporation's
Education Manager for IM4 World
at the University of
Data Processing Education Program
Ebadan, Nigeria.
Agricultural Development Council, New
liaph H. Allee - Associate, The
College of Agriculture, University
York; Graduate Staff,
Bicol Development Plan-
of the Philippines; Consultant,
Professor, Bogor
ning Board, Philippines; Visiting
Agricultural Institute, Indonesia.
Departamento
Deputy Director, SENAI -
Maurilio Leite de Araujo Enho -
Formerly Director,
Nacional, Rio de Janiero, Brazil.
Education Division,
SENAI Textile School; Head of
SENAI - Departamento Nacional.
International
in Research and Director,
Henry S. Brunner - Consultant
Research and Leader-
Seminars Project, The Center for
Technical Education,
ship Development in Vocational and
Formerly Specialist for Land-
Ohio State University.
to OECD, Paris; and
grant Colleges; Representative
Consultant to ECA.
Research, U.S. Office
Research Associate, Bureau of
George S. Carnett -
of Education, Washington, D.C.
Management
Specialist in Manpower and Education,
niederick John CarveU -
Incorporated, Palo Alto,
and Economics Research,
research
At present concentrating on
California.
between general education
relating to the relationship
the secondary and college
and occupational education at
levels in the United States.
vii
H. Keng-howe Chan
- Secretary, Public Service Commission, Government of
Singapore; Chairman, Vocational Guidance Steering
Committee.
Nikom Chandravithun
- Deputy Director-General, Department of Labour,
Bangkok, Thailand.
Formerly Professor of Labour Adminis-
tration, Thammasat University; Member, National Research
Council of Thailand.
Guillermo del Campo
- Chief, Technical Department, INACAP, Santiago,
Chile; Representative of CINTERFOR to Workshop.
George W. Ebey - Vice President, Management and Economics Research,
Lacorporated, Palo Alto, California.
Formerly Director
of Research and Planning, College of San Mateo.
Has
directed Management and Education Studies in the
Behavioral Science Group, Stanford Research Institute,
Menlo Park, California.
Vohamed Ennaceur
- President and Director General, Agency for Occupa-
tional Training and Employment, Tunisia; Member, Board
of the United Nations Institute for Social Development.
Formerly Representative of Tunisia in the United Nations
Social Commission.
NathanieZ H. Frank
- Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Director of the
Cooperative Teacher Education Project of Educational
Services, Inc.; Director, M.I.T. 1965 Summer Study on
Occupational, Vocational and Technical Education.
Theodor Hanf
- Visiting Professor, SIDEC, Summer 1967; Deputy
Director,
Arnold-Bergstraesser Institute, Social Science Research
Center, Freiburg, Germany.
- Director, SIDEC.
Paul R. Hanna
Officer, Instruction Materials and Practices
Sidney C. High, Jr.
- Project
Branch, Division of Comprehensive and Vocational Educa-
tion, Bureau of Research, U.S. Office of Education,
Washington, D.C.
Kincaid
Research Sociologist, Health Planning Research,
- Senior
Harry V.
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California.
Office of Institutional
- Regional Manpower Consultant,
Levine
Joshua M.
Development, Latin America Bureau, Agency for Inter-
national Development, Washington, D.C.
viii
Train-
Institute of Vocational
Assistant Professor, The
Tsutomu Murase -
central
(This Institute is the
ing, Tokyo, Japan.
instructors
training vocational
four-year college for
in Japan.)
Education,
Officer, Ministry of
Technical Education
Oklavese Ozoro - Chief
Commonwealth
Formerly Delegate to
Ibadan, Nigeria.
of Techni-
Education and Training
Conference on the
Education Seminar
Comparative Technical
cians; Member,
Abroad, 1965.
of Psychology,
Professor, Department
Pdraza - Associate
Fanny G6mez de
Colombia.
Colombia, Bogota,
Universidad Nacional de
for
International Secretariat
Director of Research,
Irene Pinkau -
Washington, D.C.
Volunteer Service,
Industrial and Development
Behavioral Scientist,
&band A. Podesta -
Menlo Park,
Research Institute,
Economics, Stanford
California.
and
Bureau of Operations
Programme Officer,
Delfin G. Quirolgico -
Programme,
Nations Development
Programming, United
Formerly Consultant-Advisor
York.
United Nations, New
Planning and
Planning and Manpower
on Educational
Education
Superintendent of Vocational
Development;
Aid in
of Projects, Foreign
(Philippines); Coordinator
Rockefeller
Agricultural Sciences,
Education; Fellow in
Foundation.
America and
and Technology, Latin
Officer, Science
K. N. Rao - Program
Formerly
Foundation, New York.
Caribbean, The Ford
Institute,
Dunwoody Industrial
Assistant Director,
Consultant, Interamerican
Minneapolis, Minnesota;
International
Consultant, Agency for
Development Bank;
Development.
Leandro, California.
High School, San
Principal, Pacific
Winston Richands -
West Valley
Vocational-Technical Education,
Dean,
Albert J. Riendeau -
Campbell, California.
Junior College,
Foundation,
(Education), The Ford
Program Specialist
Adam S. Skapski -
Comparetive Technical
Nigeria; Chairman,
Lagos Office,
Abroad.
Education Seminar
U.S. Office of
Bureau of Research,
Research Coordinator,
Tongsoo Song -
D.C.
Education, Washington,
ix
Professor of Education, SIDEC, Stanford University;
Eugene Staley -
Senior International Economist, Stanford Research
Institute, Menlo Park, California; Director, Workshop
Development
on Occupational Education and Training for
Developer, Manpower Training Development,
- Program
Jane Sutherland
Department of Education, State of Alaska.
Director, Educational Research and Planning, Management
Max R. Tadtock -
and Economics Research, Incorporated, Palo Alto,
Formerly Dean of Education, Monterey
California.
Peninsula College, Monterey, California.
Lady Gertrude Williams, C.B.E. - Professor Emeritus in Social Economics,
University of Londan, United Kingdom; Member, Central
Training Council of the Ministry of Labour, United
Kingdom.
Washington State College,
Bagar A. Zaidi - Associate Professor, Western
Bellingham, Washington; Author of study on rates of
development in
return in education for agricultural
West Pakistan.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD by Eugene Staley
vii
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
.
.
1
INTRODUCTION
AND OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION
5
INTER-RELATIONSHIPS OF GENERAL
I
7
Education and Training .
The Distinction between
.
9
The Limits of Choice
Occupational Education and
Analyzing the Needs for
12
Training
and Vocational
of Learnin
h
Comments on the Philoso
15
Training by Dr. Nathaniel Frank
Philosophy of Learning and
A Discussion of the
23
Vocational Education
OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION AND
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT IN
II
45
TRAINING
Occupational Education and
Curriculum Issues in
47
Training
57
in Curriculum Design
Current U.S. Innovations
.
.
.
the U.S. Office of Education
A Research Program of
57
by Dr. Sidney High
Pre-Occupational Secondary
The Richmond Plan for
63
Education
83
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
ORGANIZATION OF OCCUPATIONAL
III
85
A Planning Model
90
of the Employment System
Training Responsibilities
.
91
System" and the OTO Concept
A "Second Educational
.
1964
Industrial Training Act of
The United Kingdom
93
Williams
by Lady Gertrude
101
Discussion of Ways and Means
The OTO Device - A
.
107
Training to be Done?
Where is Occupational
Occupational Training and
Special Institutions for
114
Retraining
xi