Traffic Planning and Engineering PDF
Preview Traffic Planning and Engineering
Other Pergamon Titles of Interest BONSALL et al Transport Modelling: Sensitivity Analysis and Policy Testing HAIGHT Transportation Research HART Strategic Planning in London: The Rise and Fall of the Primary Road Network HOBBS Planning for Engineers and Surveyors JONES Road Traffic Noise JONES Effect of Vehicle Characteristics on Road Accidents STARKIE Transportation, Planning, Policy and Analysis Pergamon Related Journals Transportation Research Regional Studies Long Range Planning Underground Space PERGAMON INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies The 1000-volume original paperback library in aid of education, industrial training and the enjoyment of leisure Publisher: Robert Maxwell, M.C. TRAFFIC PLANNING AND ENGINEERING SECOND EDITION THE PERGAMON TEXTBOOK INSPECTION COPY SERVICE An inspection copy of any book published in the Pergamon International Library will gladly be sent to academic staff without obligation for their consideration for course adoption or recommendation. Copies may be retained for a period of 60 days from receipt and returned if not suitable. When a particular title is adopted or recommended for adoption for class use and the recommendation results in a sale of 12 or more copies, the inspection copy may be retained with our compliments. The Publishers will be pleased to receive suggestions for revised editions and new titles to be published in this important International Library. TRAFFIC PLANNING AND ENGINEERING BY F. D. HOBBS* HEAD OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING AND SURVEY UNIT, UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM SECOND EDITION PERGAMON PRESS OXFORD · NEW YORK ■ TORONTO ■ SYDNEY ■ PARIS ■ FRANKFURT U.K. Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford 0X3 OBW, England U.S.A. Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York 10523, U.S.A. CANADA Pergamon Press Canada Ltd., Suite 104, 150 Consumers Rd., Willowdale, Ontario M2J 1P9, Canada AUSTRALIA Pergamon Press (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 544, Potts Point, N.S.W. 2011, Australia FRANCE Pergamon Press SARL, 24 rue des Ecoles, 75240 Paris, Cedex 05, France FEDERAL REPUBLIC Pergamon Press GmbH, Hammerweg 6, OF GERMANY D-6242 Kronberg-Taunus, Federal Republic of Germany Copyright © 1979 F. D. Hobbs All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the publishers. First published 1967 by F. D. Hobbs and B. D. Richardson under the title: Traffic Engineering First revised edition 1974 Second revised edition 1979 Reprinted 1984 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Hobbs, Frederick Derek Traffic planning and engineering.—2nd ed. (Pergamon international library: civil engineering division). 1. Traffic engineering I. Title 388.3' 1 HE333 78-40001 ISBN 0-08-022696-5 (Hardcover) ISBN 0-08-022697-3 (Flexicover) Printed in Great Britain by A. Wheaton ά Co. Ltd., Exeter Preface to the Second Edition The pattern of recent events, although not marked by dramatic change, nevertheless has witnessed a gradual clarification and consolidation of trends generated by the uncertainties of the previous decade. Goals for economic growth are more clearly identified with the availability and consumption of resources, and the interaction of mobility and accessi bility needs, in relation to land-use planning, are better appreciated. Concern for the social needs of deprived groups and that of road safety have a recognised place in the sociology of transport. Past and future uncertainties have diminished dependence on the traditional trans portation survey process; the panacea of new transit systems as an answer to the transport "problem", and encouraged by advancing technologies, has receded, and policy decisions having environmental consequences are more widely considered and debated. Thus, in a generally restrictive period of development, the husbanding of existing travel resources emphasises the importance of measurement, investiga tion, evaluation of alternatives and decision making by applying the simple, and yet basic, principles enunciated in the text. While this new edition has made little change in objectives, it has been updated to take into account underlying trends in traffic planning and engineering. Because of the limitation of size, a general text can never hope to fully cover each and every aspect of an expanding science, and the principal aim has been to secure a representative cross-section of the subject area by presenting a reasonable balance between con flicting demands. Accommodating even the modest objectives has forced some drastic reductions in the text, such as that devoted to XI xii Preface to the Second Edition legislation. This is not because it is of lessened importance—in fact quite the contrary, but its breadth is so great that there is danger in condensation, and the reader is referred elsewhere. The traffic survey chapter has been remodelled and most techniques have; received some attention without, it is hoped, losing the essential basis for conducting surveys and their subsequent analysis. Further emphasis has been given to environmental management and the central role of computers in all aspects of traffic planning and engineering. Additions have been made to most chapters, updating data and introducing new standards where appropriate. The inclusion of bus transport operations and manage ment reflects its premier place in public transport. Finally, the author would like to express his thanks to his colleagues and not least to my long-suffering family who have contributed in various ways to my work over the years. F. D. HOBBS Preface to the First Edition While the subject-matter of traffic engineering is now well established, within a growing body of theory and practice, it needs to be studied within the wider context embraced by planning and transportation. The practitioner must not only play a part in the formulation of public policy objectives but be both aware and responsive to changing circumstances and, overall, be concerned with the fusion of theory and practice. He must be conscious of the need to preserve and enhance the city as a place to live, to balance the provision of accessibility with mobility and to seek a fuller understanding of the effects of transport decisions on society. The motor-car, once heralded as the saviour of cities congested and polluted by horse-drawn vehicles, is currently the subject of some public disillusionment, mainly arising from its mis-use. While it may provide maximum mobility to the individual owner, it can simultaneously im pose grave social penalties, both to other owners and non-owners, by its indiscriminate use, causing congestion, down grading of the environ ment and destroying the viability of public transport. The problem is sometimes one of balancing conflicting alternatives but, more often, of meeting complementary needs and evaluating the consequences satis factorily in economic and social terms. There is a need to perceive demands and satisfy them efficiently at a minimum cost with the least inconvenience. Efficiency and quality, conservation and preservation and new development are not necessarily incompatible once the correct problem has been identified. In an age where resources are more critical their efficient use becomes paramount and may entail moving away from the notion of a maximisation of travel opportunities to that of a Xlll xiv Preface to the First Edition minimisation of travel needs, although at a similar level of activity enjoyment. Technological change and the generation of new opportunities must also be taken into account. Whereas the aim of traffic control is to trans form the flow of vehicles from a pattern of individual behaviour into a collective phenomenon, where drivers' actions are curtailed by restric tive measures, a consequence is the degree to which individual latitude and aberrations are to be permitted. As the system approaches its limits the proximity of other vehicles imposes impossible demands on in dividual drivers consequent on the closer coupling of their stimulus- response mechanism. Thus, diminishing returns can be expected from each higher level of control sophistication. The general question then has to be resolved as to the stage at which current systems should give way to entirely new transport modes for the overall benefit of com munities and individuals within them. Although the title has been changed the original scope of the book remains unchanged from that of its predecessor, Traffic Engineering (Vols. 1 and 2). Inevitably, with the passage of time, the emphasis changes in any field embracing human development. Besides the additions of new material, and updating to accommodate such changes, drastic revisions of the original text and order have been made and the work has been combined into a single volume. The book has been written to provide an introductory, rather than a definitive, text of use not only to engineers, planners, architects and geographers but also to other professional and sometimes lay people involved in community development and decisions which often require a substantial background knowledge of traffic planning and engineering. References in the text have been kept to the minimum, but at the end of each chapter there are listed further and often more specialised works which expand on the chapter's contents. In limiting the references care has been taken not to offend by plagiarism, but as, over the years, ideas are disseminated and absorbed the original sources are forgotten and unwittingly assumed as one's own. For all such implied personal credit I ask for pardon and hope that some reward will be a recognition of the influence they have exercised. My debts are many and I gratefully acknowledge the contributions that have been made by my friends and colleagues, but in particular to Preface to the First Edition xv many former graduate students who have contributed so much to the development of my ideas and for their ever-patient and wide-ranging discussions over many topics. In addition some of the data, used to illustrate the text, has been developed from past student projects. The final tribute is to my late friend and previous co-author Mr. B. D. Richardson, who died so tragically in a mountain accident in 1971. F. D. HOBBS A cknowledgements Due to the sudden and tragic death of my husband I would like to express my gratitude to my late husband's friends and colleagues Mr. Michael Walker and Dr. John Doling of C.U.R.S. Birmingham University, for their help in correcting and appraising the final proofs of this edition and to my son Richard and his wife Jane for their efforts in completing the index. BETTY HOBBS xv i
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