Trade-Offs in Conservation: Deciding What to Save

416 Pages·34.307 MB·English

Trade-offs in Conservation
Trade-Offs in Conservation: Deciding What to Save Edited by N. Leader-Williams, W.M. Adams and R.J. Smith
© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-19383-2
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Conservation Science and Practice Series
Trade-offs in Conservation:
Deciding What to Save
Edited by
NigelLeader-Williams,WilliamM.Adams
andRobertJ.Smith
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
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LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData
Trade-offsinconservation:decidingwhattosave/editedbyNigelLeader-Williams,
WilliamM.Adams,andRobertJ.Smith.
p.cm.–(Conservationscienceandpracticeseries)
BasedonpresentationsatameetingheldinLondoninNovember2007.
‘‘PublishedinassociationwiththeZoologicalSocietyofLondon.’’
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN:978-1-4051-9383-2(pbk.:alk.paper)–ISBN978-1-4051-9384-9(hardcover:alk.paper)
1.Wildlifeconservation–Decisionmaking–Congresses.2.Wildlifeconservation–Social
aspects–Congresses.I.Leader-Williams,N.II.Adams,W.M.(WilliamMark),1955–III.Smith,
RobertJ.(RobertJames),1971–
QL81.5.T732010
333.95(cid:2)16–dc22
2010016467
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Setin10.5/12.5ptMinionbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India
PrintedinMalaysia
1 2010
Contents
Contributors ix
PrefaceandAcknowledgments xxv
Introduction 1
1. DecidingWhattoSave:Trade-offsinConservation 3
NigelLeader-Williams,WilliamM.AdamsandRobertJ.Smith
PartI CurrentApproachesandToolkits 15
2. PrioritizingTrade-offsinConservation 17
KerrieA.Wilson,MichaelBode,HedleyGranthamand
HughP.Possingham
3. Trade-offsinIdentifyingGlobalConservationPriorityAreas 35
WilliamMurdoch,MichaelBode,JonHoekstra,PeterKareiva,
StevePolasky,HughP.PossinghamandKerrieA.Wilson
4. Trade-offsinMakingEcosystemServicesandHumanWell-being
ConservationPriorities 56
RebeccaL.Goldman,GretchenC.DailyandPeterKareiva
5. DefiningandMeasuringSuccessinConservation 73
Valerie Kapos, Andrea Manica, Rosalind Aveling, Philip Bubb,
Peter Carey, Abigail Entwistle, John Hopkins, Teresa Mulliken,
RogerSafford,AlisonStattersfield,MatthewJ.Walpoleand
AndrewBalmford
PartII InfluenceofValueSystems 95
6. ConservingInvertebrates:HowManycanbeSaved,andHow? 97
MichaelJ.Samways
Contents
vi
7. Trade-offsbetweenAnimalWelfareandConservationinLaw
andPolicy 118
StuartR.Harrop
8. ProtectionorUse:aCaseofNuancedTrade-offs? 135
AlisonM.RosserandNigelLeader-Williams
9. WhoseValueCounts?Trade-offsbetweenBiodiversity
ConservationandPovertyReduction 157
DilysRoeandMatthewJ.Walpole
10. ThePowerofTraditionsinConservation 175
KatherineM.Homewood
PartIII EconomicsandGovernance 195
11. MisalignedIncentivesandTrade-offsinAllocating
ConservationFunding 197
AaronBruner,EduardT.NiestenandRichardE.Rice
12. MarketingandConservation:HowtoLoseFriendsand
InfluencePeople 215
RobertJ.Smith,DiogoVer´ıssimoandDouglasC.MacMillan
13. Trade-offsbetweenConservationandExtractiveIndustries 233
ManuelPulgar-Vidal,BrunoMonteferriandJuanLuisDammert
14. AFightingChance:canConservationCreateaPlatformforPeace
withinCyclesofHumanConflict? 253
RosalindAveling,HelenAnthemandAnnetteLanjouw
PartIV SocialandInstitutionalConstraints 273
15. Trading-off‘Knowing’versus‘Doing’forEffective
ConservationPlanning 275
AndrewT.KnightandRichardM.Cowling
16. PathDependenceinConservation 292
WilliamM.Adams
Contents
vii
17. ConservationTrade-offsandthePoliticsofKnowledge 311
J.PeterBrosius
PartV FutureChallenges 329
18. ClimateChangeandConservation 331
StephenG.Willis,DavidG.HoleandBrianHuntley
19. DriversofBiodiversityChange 349
GeorginaM.Mace
20. AnotherEntangledBank:MakingConservationTrade-offs
MoreExplicit 365
RobertJ.Smith,WilliamM.AdamsandNigelLeader-Williams
Index 377
Contributors
WilliamM.(Bill)Adams isMoranProfessorofConservationandDevelop-
mentattheUniversityofCambridge,wherehehastaughtintheDepartment
ofGeographysince1984.Hisresearchfocusesonsocialdimensionsofcon-
servation and the evolution of conservation policy and strategy, with an
emphasisonconservationintheUKandinAfrica.HeisaTrusteeofFauna
&FloraInternational.DepartmentofGeography,UniversityofCambridge,
DowningPlace,CambridgeCB23EN,UK;[email protected].
HelenAnthem isProgrammeManagerfortheConservationLivelihoodsand
GovernanceProgrammeatFauna&FloraInternational.Helen’sexpertise
bridgesthedevelopmentandenvironmentsectorsandherresearchinterests
includetheimpactofconflictonlivelihoodoptionsforwomen,aswellas
issues of human rights in relation to the environment. Her recent work
has included analysis of environmental partnerships in post-conflict and
post-disaster situations in Eurasia, Asia-Pacific, Africa and the Americas.
Fauna&FloraInternational,JupiterHouse,StationRoad,CambridgeCB1
2JD,UK;helen.anthem@fauna-flora.org.
RosalindAveling isDeputyChiefExecutiveOfficeratFauna&FloraInter-
national. A primatologist, Rosalind has set up conservation initiatives
for Great Apes in both Indonesia and Central Africa. Her focus is on
conservation within landscapes that include human use and, as former
Director of Program Design with the African Wildlife Foundation, she
has concentrated on issues of environmental governance and sustaining
conservationfinance.WithinFFI,shehasestablishedthedivisionofCon-
servationPartnerships,whichexplorestheeconomic,social,ecologicaland
institutional determinants of effective conservation. Her current interests
includemaintainingafocusonbiodiversitywithinclimateadaptationand
mitigation strategies. Fauna & Flora International, Jupiter House, Station
Road,CambridgeCB12JD,UK;rosalind.aveling@fauna-flora.org.
AndrewBalmford isProfessor ofConservationScienceintheUniversityof
Cambridge.Hismainresearchinterestsarethecostsandbenefitsofeffective
conservation,quantifyingthechangingstateofnature,conservationplan-
ning, evaluating the success of conservation interventions, and exploring
Contributors
x
how best to reconcile conservation and farming, especially in developing
countries.Hetriestotackletheseproblemsthroughcollaborationsacross
disciplinesandwithconservationpractitioners.HehelpedfoundtheCam-
bridge Conservation Forum and the Cambridge Conservation Initiative,
whichisbuildingcarefullytargetedcollaborationsamong10organizations,
aswellastheStudentConferenceonConservationScience,whicheachyear
attracts ∼200 young scientists from ∼60 countries. Conservation Science
Group,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofCambridge,DowningStreet,
CambridgeCB23EJ,Cambridge,UK;[email protected].
Michael Bode is Research Fellow at the Applied Environmental Decision
Analysis (AEDA) Research Hub, University of Melbourne. He is
primarily interested in quantitative conservation decision making.
Applied Environmental Decision Analysis Research Hub, Department of
Botany, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia;
[email protected].
J.PeterBrosius isProfessorofAnthropologyattheUniversityofGeorgia,and
DirectoroftheCenterforIntegrativeConservationResearch.Hisresearch
focuses on political ecology and the cultural politics of conservation
at both local and global scales. He previously worked on international
environmental politics in Sarawak, with an early focus on Penan, and
more recently with the Kelabit community. With the ACSC initiative,
Pete focuses on global conservation and the politics of scale, with a
particularfocusonecoregionalplanningandconservationfinance.Hewas
past president of the Anthropology and Environment Section, American
Anthropological Association, and is a member of the IUCN Commission
onEconomic,EnvironmentalandSocialPolicy(CEESP)Co-Management
Working Group and the World Commission on Protected Areas/CEESP
ThemeonIndigenousandLocalCommunities,EquityandProtectedAreas
(TILCEPA).HewasawardedtheLourdesArizpeAwardinAnthropology
and Environment in 2005. Center for Integrative Conservation Research,
Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, 250A Baldwin Hall,
JacksonStreet,Athens,GA30602-1619,USA;[email protected].
AaronBruner isDirectorofEconomicIncentivesandProtectedAreaFinance
at Conservation International. Aaron’s work focuses on improving the
effectiveness of protected area management and on developing the use
of conservation agreements as a means to engage communities in con-
servation. Past work has covered a range of scales and issues, including
analyses of protected area effectiveness and the cost of moving towards
Contributors
xi
effective protected area management, economic assessments of a range
of forest products, and analysis of strategies for increasing the contri-
bution of the tourism industry to biodiversity conservation. He holds a
Bachelor’s degree in Economics from Wesleyan University. Conservation
International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA;
[email protected].
PhilipBubb isSeniorProgrammeOfficerattheUnitedNationsEnvironment
Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC).
Philiphas20years’experienceinprojectmanagement,designandtraining
for international biodiversity conservation. At UNEP-WCMC, he works
withassessmentsandindicators,includingintheUKNationalEcosystem
Assessment. He also supports countries and organizations to develop
and use biodiversity indicators, building on experience as manager of
the Biodiversity Indicators in National Use project from 2002 to 2005.
He is particularly involved in capacity building, including training and
theproductionofguidelinesinbiodiversityassessmentandmonitoringfor
protectedareas.PriortoUNEP-WCMC,Philipworkedfor7yearsinMexico
on forest conservation and rural development projects. UNEP World
Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge
CB30DL,UK;[email protected].
PeterCarey is Director of Bodsey Ecology Limited. Pete is an independent
academicresearcherspecializinginbiogeography,climatechangeandthe
evaluationofagri-environmentschemes.HeisanAffiliatedLecturerinthe
Department of Plant Sciences at the University of Cambridge. He spent
18yearsatITE/CEHMonksWood,whereheworkedonTheCountryside
Surveyfrom2004to2009andwastheleadauthoroftheNationalReports.
BodseyEcologyLimited,4BodseyCottages,Ramsey,CambridgeshirePE26
2XH,UK;[email protected].
Richard M. Cowling is Professor of Botany at Nelson Mandela Metropoli-
tan University. Richard has published extensively–in the scientific and
popularliterature–ontheecologyandconservationoftheSouthAfrica’s
fynbos, succulent karoo and subtropical thicket biomes. He is widely
acclaimed for his contribution to the theory and application of conser-
vations science. He was rated a world leader in conservation science by
the National Research Foundation, and has been awarded a Pew Fel-
lowship, a Distinguished Service Award by the Society for Conservation
Biology, a Gold Award for Innovating Conservation by the Cape Action
for People and theEnvironment, and aFloraConservation Award by the