Toward Agroforestry Design: An Ecological Approach (Advances in Agroforestry) (Advances in Agroforestry)

319 Pages·2008·3.94 MB·English

by  Shibu Jose

Toward Agroforestry Design
An Ecological Approach
Advances in Agroforestry
Volume 4
Series Editor:
P.K.R. Nair
School of Forest Resources and Conservation,
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.
Aims and Scope
Agroforestry, the purposeful growing of trees and crops in interacting combinations, began to attain
prominence in the late 1970s, when the international scientific community embraced its potentials
in the tropics and recognized it as a practice in search of science. During the 1990s, the relevance
of agroforestry for solving problems related to deterioration of family farms, increased soil erosion,
surface and ground water pollution, and decreased biodiversity was recognized in the industrialized
nations too. Thus, agroforestry is now receiving increasing attention as a sustainable land-management
option the world over because of its ecological, economic, and social attributes. Consequently, the
knowledge-base of agroforestry is being expanded at a rapid rate as illustrated by the increasing
number and quality of scientific publications of various forms on different aspects of agroforestry.
Making full and efficient use of this upsurge in scientific agroforestry is both a challenge and an
opportunity to the agroforestry scientific community. In order to help prepare themselves better for
facing the challenge and seizing the opportunity, agoroforestry scientists need access to synthesized
information on multi-dimensional aspects of scientific agroforesty.
The aim of this new book-series, Advances in Agroforestry, is to offer state-of-the art synthesis of
research results and evaluations relating to different aspects of agroforestry. Its scope is broad enough
to encompass any and all aspects of agroforestry research and development. Contributions are welcome
as well as solicited from competent authors on any aspect of agroforestry. Volumes in the series will
consist of reference books, subject-specific monographs, peer-reviewed publications out of conferences,
comprehensive evaluations of specific projects, and other book-length compilations of scientific and
professional merit and relevance to the science and practice of agroforestry worldwide.
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
Shibu Jose • Andrew M. Gordon
Editors
Toward Agroforestry Design
An Ecological Approach
Shibu Jose Andrew M. Gordon
University of Florida University of Guelph
Gainesville, FL ON, Canada
USA
ISBN 978-1-4020-6571-2 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-6572-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007936553
© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
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Preface
Ecology and its underlying principles have not received much attention in the
agroforestry research and development arena despite its pivotal role in determining
the biological sustainability of agroforestry systems. Although often acknowledged,
ecological principles are seldom explored in many of the world’s best developed
and well-known agroforestry systems. However, it is worth noting that this trend is
slowly changing as we recognize that agroforestry systems, if not designed based
on sound ecological principles, are unable to attain their fullest potential. In fact,
the last 5 years have seen an exponential increase in journal articles and synthesis
work that explore the ecological foundations of global agroforestry practices.
The idea for the current book originated following the 1st World Congress of
Agroforestry, Orlando, FL, USA, June–July, 2004. We, the editors of this book,
had organized two sessions, both focused on the ecological basis for designing
agroforestry systems. Invited and voluntary papers and posters were presented in
these sessions which represented a cross-section of the current global biophysical
research being conducted in a variety of agroforestry systems. Dr. P.K.R. Nair,
the Chair of the Organizing Committee of the 1st World Congress of Agroforestry,
encouraged us to consider publishing an edited volume in the new book series,
Advances in Agroforestry, for which he serves as the series editor. We accepted his
advice enthusiastically and immediately started working on the project. Selected
authors were invited to submit manuscripts for peer review; we subsequently
went through a rigorous peer review process that resulted in the acceptance of
14 manuscripts for the current volume.
The manuscripts represent a mix of original research and synthesis work
from both tropical and temperate regions of the world. We have grouped them
into five sections. The first section that consists of one chapter is an introduction
to the role of ecological knowledge in agroforestry design. The second section
has eight chapters that explore the resource allocation patterns and aboveground
processes in various agroforestry systems. The four chapters included in the third
section deal with resource allocation patterns with respect to belowground processes,
while recent advances in analytical and modeling tools are explored in the fourth
section. The final section is a chapter that synthesizes the current state of
knowledge with respect to ecological knowledge in agroforestry systems.
v
vi Preface
We are grateful to a large number of individuals for their assistance in
accomplishing this task. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to
Dr. P.K.R. Nair for his continued support and encouragement throughout
the publication process. In addition, we thank the authors for their long and
continued commitment to this project. The invaluable comments and sugges-
tions made by the referees also significantly improved the clarity and content
of the chapters. In addition to many of the authors who served as reviewers
for other chapters, we thank: Samuel Allen, Kent Apostol, Michael Bannister,
Tamara Benjamin, David Burner, Barry Brecke, James Burger, Wendell Cropper,
Stanley Gathumbi, Rico Gazal, Michael Gold, James Jones, Ole Hendrickson,
Robert Kalmbacher, Andy Kenney, John Kort, Peter Nkedi-Kizza, Kye-Han
Lee, Ofelia Plascencia, James Quashie-Sam, Meka Rao, Phil Reynolds, Michelle
Schoeneberger, Johannes Scholberg, Richard Schultz, Dennis Shannon, Jamie
Simpson, Daniel Stephenson, Naresh Thevathasan, and Vic Timmer for their
help in reviewing manuscripts. We also wish to extend our sincere thanks to
Catherine Cotton and her staff at Springer Science for their timely efforts in
publishing this book.
June, 2007 Shibu Jose
Andrew M. Gordon
Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Section 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Ecological Knowledge and Agroforestry Design:
An Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
S. Jose and A.M. Gordon
Section 2 Resource Allocation in Agroforestry Systems:
Aboveground Processes
Chapter 2 Biophysical Changes Resulting from 16 Years
of Riparian Forest Rehabilitation: An Example
from the Southern Ontario Agricultural Landscape. . . . . . . 13
Maren Oelbermann, Andrew M. Gordon, and Narinder K. Kaushik
Chapter 3 Ecological Development and Function of Shelterbelts
in Temperate North America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
C.W. Mize, J.R. Brandle, M.M. Schoeneberger,
and G. Bentrup
Chapter 4 Forage Production Under and Adjacent
toRobinia pseudoacacia in Central Appalachia,
West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
C.M. Feldhake, D.P. Belesky, and E.L. Mathias
Chapter 5 Light Intensity Effects on Growth and Nutrient-use
Efficiency of Tropical Legume Cover Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
V.C. Baligar, N.K. Fageria, A. Paiva, A. Silveira,
J.O. de Souza Jr., E. Lucena, J.C. Faria, R. Cabral,
A.W.V. Pomella, and J. Jorda Jr.
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 6 Interspecifi c Competition in a Pecan-cotton
Alley-cropping System in the Southern United States:
Is Light the Limiting Factor?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
D.S. Zamora, S. Jose, P.K.R. Nair, J.W. Jones, B.J. Brecke,
and C.L. Ramsey
Chapter 7 Modifi cation of Microclimate and Associated
Food Crop Productivity in an Alley-cropping
System in Northern Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
H. Shapo and H. Adam
Chapter 8 Tree–Crop Interactions in Fruit Tree-based
Agroforestry Systems in the Western
Highlands of Guatemala: Component Yields
and System Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
J.G. Bellow, P.K.R. Nair, and T.A. Martin
Chapter 9 Biophysical Interactions Between Timber Trees
and Arabica Coffee in Suboptimal Conditions
of Central America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
P. Vaast, R. van Kanten, P. Siles, J. Angrand,
and A. Aguilar
Section 3 Resource Allocation in Agroforestry Systems:
Belowground Processes
Chapter 10 Agroforestry Management Effects on Plant
Productivity Vectors within
a Humid–Temperate Hardwood
Alley-Cropping System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
G.R. von Kiparski and A.R. Gillespie
Chapter 11 Root Competition for Phosphorus Between
Coconut Palms and Interplanted Dicot Trees
Along a Soil Fertility Gradient in Kerala, India. . . . . . . . . . 175
H.B.S. Gowda and B.M. Kumar
Chapter 12 Establishment of Cordia dodecandra A.DC.
withBixa orellana L. on Calcareous Soils
in Yucatán, Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
M. Reuter, H. Tiessen, J.J. Jimenez-Osornio, J. Pohlan,
and P.L.G. Vlek
Contents ix
Chapter 13 Tree Foliage Polyphenols and Nitrogen Use
in Crop–Livestock Systems of Southern Africa:
Strategies for Increasing Effi ciency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
P.L. Mafongoya and L. Hove
Section 4 Towards Better Understanding: Analytical
and Modeling Tools for Agroforestry Research
Chapter 14 The Role of Ecosystem-level Models in the Design
of Agroforestry Systems for Future Environmental
Conditions and Social Needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
J.P. Kimmins, C. Welham, F. Cao,
P. Wangpakapattanawong, and L. Christanty
Chapter 15 Radiation Availability in Agroforestry System
of Coffee and Rubber Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
C.A. Righi, A.M.P. Lunz, M.S. Bernardes, C.R. Pereira,
D. Dourado-Neto, and J.L. Favarin
Chapter 16 Modeling Green Manure Additions in Alley-Cropping
Systems: Linking Soil Community Dynamics
and Nitrogen Mineralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Y. Carrillo and C. Jordan
Chapter 17 Separating the Tree–Soil–Crop Interactions
in Agroforestry Parkland Systems in Saponé
(Burkina Faso) using WaNuLCAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
J. Bayala, M. van Noordwijk, B. Lusiana, K. Ni’matul,
Z. Teklehaimanot, and S.J. Ouedraogo
Section 5 Synthesis
Chapter 18 Applying Ecological Knowledge to Agroforestry
Design: A Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
A.M. Gordon and S. Jose
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307