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Toughening Mechanisms in Composite Materials Related titles Composite joints and connections (ISBN 978-1-84569-990-1) Composite reinforcements for optimumperformance (ISBN 978-1-84569-965-9) Non-crimp fabric composites (ISBN 978-1-84569-762-4) Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering: Number 55 Toughening Mechanisms in Composite Materials Edited by Qinghua Qin and Jianqiao Ye AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)CAMBRIDGE (cid:129)HEIDELBERG LONDON (cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier 80HighStreet,Sawston,Cambridge,CB223HJ,UK 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UK Copyright©2015ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. 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LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015931787 ISBN978-1-78242-279-2(print) ISBN978-1-78242-291-4(online) ForinformationonallWoodheadPublishingpublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com/ List of contributors G. Allegri Imperial College London, London, UK S.ArabySchool ofEngineering, UniversityofSouthAustralia (UniSA), Salisbury, SA, Australia C. B. Emrullahoglu Abi Afyon Kocatepe University,Afyonkarahisar, Turkey K. Bilge Sabanci University,Istanbul,Turkey M. Esmkhani Iran UniversityofScience and Technology,Tehran, Iran S.M. GhoreishiIranUniversity ofScience and Technology, Tehran, Iran M. Kasˇiarova´ Slovak Academyof Sciences, Kosˇice, Slovak Republic V. Kompisˇ UniversityofZˇilina,Zˇilina, Slovakia T. Kusaka Ritsumeikan University,Kusatsu, Japan J.K. Lander Rolls-Royce Plc, Derby, UK X. LinUniversity ofNew South Wales,Canberra, ACT, Australia X. LiuBeijing Universityof Technology, Beijing, China J. Ma School ofEngineering, Universityof South Australia (UniSA), Salisbury, SA,Australia Q. Meng School ofEngineering, UniversityofSouthAustralia (UniSA), Salisbury, SA,Australia Z. Mouti Eaton, West Midlands,UK Z. Murcˇinkova´ Technical University, Kosˇice, Slovakia J. Njuguna Robert Gordon University,Aberdeen, UK M. Papila SabanciUniversity, Istanbul, Turkey x Listofcontributors I.K. Partridge UniversityofBristol, Bristol, UK Q.H.Qin Australian National University,Acton, ACT, Australia M. Quaresimin Universityof Padova, Vicenza, Italy M. Salviato Universityof Padova, Vicenza, Italy, and Northwestern University, Evanston, IL,USA M.M. Shokrieh Iran Universityof Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran P.TatarkoSlovakAcademyofSciences,Kosˇice,SlovakRepublic,andQueenMary University ofLondon,London,UK H. Tian TheUniversity ofNew South Wales,Canberra, ACT, Australia K. Westwood Eaton, West Midlands,UK Q.-S. Yang Beijing Universityof Technology, Beijing, China M. Yasaee Universityof Bristol, Bristol,UK M. Zappalorto Universityof Padova, Vicenza, Italy Y.X.Zhang The UniversityofNew South Wales, Canberra, ACT,Australia M. Zˇminda´k Universityof Zˇilina, Zˇilina, Slovakia Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering 1 Thermoplasticaromaticpolymercomposites F.N.Cogswell 2 Designandmanufactureofcompositestructures G.C.Eckold 3 Handbookofpolymercompositesforengineers EditedbyL.C.Hollaway 4 Optimisationofcompositestructuresdesign A.Miravete 5 Short-fibrepolymercomposites EditedbyS.K.DeandJ.R.White 6 Flow-inducedalignmentincompositematerials EditedbyT.D.PapthanasiouandD.C.Guell 7 Thermosetresinsforcomposites CompiledbyTechnolex 8 Microstructuralcharacterisationoffibre-reinforcedcomposites EditedbyJ.Summerscales 9 Compositematerials F.L.MatthewsandR.D.Rawlings 10 3-Dtextilereinforcementsincompositematerials EditedbyA.Miravete 11 Pultrusionforengineers EditedbyT.Starr 12 Impactbehaviouroffibre-reinforcedcompositematerialsandstructures EditedbyS.R.ReidandG.Zhou 13 Finiteelementmodellingofcompositematerialsandstructures F.L.Matthews,G.A.O.Davies,D.HitchingsandC.Soutis 14 Mechanicaltestingofadvancedfibrecomposites EditedbyG.M.Hodgkinson 15 Integrateddesignandmanufactureusingfibre-reinforcedpolymericcomposites EditedbyM.J.OwenandI.A.Jones 16 Fatigueincomposites EditedbyB.Harris 17 Greencomposites EditedbyC.Baillie xii WoodheadPublishingSeriesinCompositesScienceandEngineering 18 Multi-scalemodellingofcompositematerialsystems EditedbyC.SoutisandP.W.R.Beaumont 19 Lightweightballisticcomposites EditedbyA.Bhatnagar 20 Polymernanocomposites Y-W.MaiandZ-Z.Yu 21 Propertiesandperformanceofnatural-fibrecomposite EditedbyK.Pickering 22 Ageingofcomposites EditedbyR.Martin 23 Tribologyofnaturalfiberpolymercomposites N.ChandandM.Fahim 24 Wood-polymercomposites EditedbyK.O.NiskaandM.Sain 25 Delaminationbehaviourofcomposites EditedbyS.Sridharan 26 Scienceandengineeringofshortfibrereinforcedpolymercomposites S-Y.Fu,B.LaukeandY-M.Mai 27 Failureanalysisandfractographyofpolymercomposites E.S.Greenhalgh 28 Management,recyclingandreuseofwastecomposites EditedbyV.Goodship 29 Materials,designandmanufacturingforlightweightvehicles EditedbyP.K.Mallick 30 Fatiguelifepredictionofcompositesandcompositestructures EditedbyA.P.Vassilopoulos 31 Physicalpropertiesandapplicationsofpolymernanocomposites EditedbyS.C.TjongandY-W.Mai 32 Creepandfatigueinpolymermatrixcomposites EditedbyR.M.Guedes 33 Interfaceengineeringofnaturalfibrecompositesformaximumperformance EditedbyN.E.Zafeiropoulos 34 Polymer-carbonnanotubecomposites EditedbyT.McNallyandP.P€otschke 35 Non-crimpfabriccomposites:Manufacturing,propertiesandapplications EditedbyS.V.Lomov 36 Compositereinforcementsforoptimumperformance EditedbyP.Boisse 37 Polymermatrixcompositesandtechnology R.Wang,S.ZengandY.Zeng 38 Compositejointsandconnections EditedbyP.CamanhoandL.Tong 39 Machiningtechnologyforcompositematerials EditedbyH.Hocheng 40 Failuremechanismsinpolymermatrixcomposites EditedbyP.Robinson,E.S.GreenhalghandS.Pinho 41 Advancesinpolymernanocomposites:Typesandapplications EditedbyF.Gao WoodheadPublishingSeriesinCompositesScienceandEngineering xiii 42 Manufacturingtechniquesforpolymermatrixcomposites(PMCs) EditedbyS.AdvaniandK-T.Hsiao 43 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of polymer matrix composites: Techniques and applications EditedbyV.M.Karbhari 44 Environmentallyfriendlypolymernanocomposites:Types,processingandproperties S.S.Ray 45 Advancesinceramicmatrixcomposites EditedbyI.M.Low 46 Ceramicnanocomposites EditedbyR.BanerjeeandI.Manna 47 Naturalfibrecomposites:Materials,processesandproperties EditedbyA.HodzicandR.Shanks 48 Residualstressesincompositematerials EditedbyM.Shokrieh 49 Health and environmental safety of nanomaterials: Polymer nanocomposites and othermaterialscontainingnanoparticles EditedbyJ.Njuguna,K.PielichowskiandH.Zhu 50 Polymercompositesintheaerospaceindustry EditedbyP.E.IrvingandC.Soutis 51 Biofiberreinforcementincompositematerials EditedbyO.FarukandM.Sain 52 Fatigue and fracture of adhesively-bonded composite joints: Behaviour, simulation andmodelling EditedbyA.P.Vassilopoulos 53 FatigueofTextileComposites EditedbyV.CarvelliandS.V.Lomov 54 WoodComposites–FromNanocellulosetoSuperstructures EditedbyM.Ansell 55 TougheningMechanismsinCompositeMaterials EditedbyQ.QinandJ.Ye 1 Introduction to the composite and its toughening mechanisms Q.H.Qin Australian National University, Acton,ACT, Australia 1.1 Basic concepts Theword“composite”usuallysignifiesthattwoormoreseparatematerialsarecom- binedonamacroscopicscaletoformastructuralunitforvariousengineeringappli- cations. Each of the material components may have distinct thermal, mechanical, electrical,magnetic,optical,andchemicalproperties.Itisnotedthatacompositecom- posed of an assemblage of these different materials gives us a useful new material whose performance characteristics are superior to those of the constituent materials acting independently (Ye, 2003; Qin and Yang, 2008). One or more of the material componentsisusuallydiscontinuous,stiffer,andstrongerandknownasthereinforce- ment; the less stiff and weaker material is continuous and called the matrix. Some- times, because of chemical interactions or other processing effects, an additional distinctphase,calledaninterphase,existsbetweenthereinforcementandthematrix (DamielandIshai,2006).Compositematerialshavesomeadvantageswhencompared totheircomponentsormetalparts.Somematerialpropertiesthatcanbeimprovedby forminga composite materialare (Jones,1999): l Strength l Stiffness l Wearresistance l Weight l Fatiguelife l Extremetemperatureresponse l Thermalinsulationorconduction l Electricalinsulationorconduction l Acousticalinsulationorconduction l Responsetonuclear,X-ray,ormagneticradiation l Chemicalresponseorinertnesstoanenvironment(corrosionresistance) l Electromagneticandradarinsulationorconduction l Crack(fracture)resistanceandarrest l Cost l Fabrication l Temperature-dependentbehavior l Attractiveness. Further,compositematerialshavethefollowingadvantages:(1)compositescanhave unique properties (e.g., specific strength and modulus) that are significantly better TougheningMechanismsinCompositeMaterials.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-279-2.00001-9 Copyright©2015ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.