TORONTO NOTES 2020 PDF
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TORONTO NOTES 2020 Comprehensive medical reference and review for the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Exam (MCCQE) Part I and the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step II 36th Edition Editors-in-Chief: Sara Mirali and Ayesh Seneviratne Wherever the art of medicine is loved, there is also a love of humanity. – Hippocrates Toronto Notes for Medical Students, Inc. Toronto, Ontario, Canada Thirty-sixth Edition Copyright © 2020 – Toronto Notes for Medical Students, Inc. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Typeset and production by Type & Graphics Inc. ISBN 978-1-927363-60-7 (36th ed.) All rights reserved. Printed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Toronto Notes 2020 is provided for the sole use of the purchaser. It is made available on the condition that the information contained herein will not be sold or photocopied. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publisher. Every effort has been made to obtain permission for all copyrighted material contained herein. Previous editions copyright © 1985 to 2020. Cover illustration: Julia Devorak and Farah Hamade Illustrations: Biomedical Communications, University of Toronto Notice: THIS PUBLICATION HAS NOT BEEN AUTHORED, REVIEWED, OR OTHERWISE SUPPORTED BY THE MEDICAL COUNCIL OF CANADA NOR DOES IT RECEIVE ENDORSEMENT BY THE MEDICAL COUNCIL AS REVIEW MATERIAL FOR THE MCCQE PART I. THIS PUBLICATION HAS NOT BEEN AUTHORED, REVIEWED, OR OTHERWISE SUPPORTED BY THE NATIONAL BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS U.S.A. NOR DOES IT RECEIVE ENDORSEMENT BY THE NATIONAL BOARD AS REVIEW MATERIAL FOR THE USMLE. The editors of this edition have taken every effort to ensure that the information contained herein is accurate and conforms to the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, due to the constantly changing nature of the medical sciences and the possibility of human error, the reader is encouraged to exercise individual clinical judgement and consult with other sources of information that may become available with continuing research. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this textbook, atlas, or software and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. In particular, the reader is advised to check the manufacturer’s insert of all pharmacologic products before administration. FEEDBACK AND ERRATA We are constantly trying to improve the Toronto Notes and welcome your feedback. If you have found an error in this edition please do not hesitate to contact us. As well, we look forward to receiving any comments regarding any component of the Toronto Notes package and website. Please send your feedback to: [email protected] Alternatively, send mail to: Toronto Notes for Medical Students Editors-in-Chief c/o The Medical Society 1 King’s College Circle, Room 2260 Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8 Canada email: [email protected] Tel: 1-416-946-3047 Fax: 1-416-978-8730 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available upon request 2 Toronto Notes 2020 Dedicated to all past and present contributors and supporters of Toronto Notes who have made the production of the 2020 edition possible! The Toronto Notes for Medical Students is dedicated to helping fund many charitable endeavours and medical student initiatives at the University of Toronto’s Faculty of Medicine and beyond. Programs that have received Toronto Notes for Medical Students funding include: Community Affairs Projects Medical School Clubs • Saturday Program for Inner City High School • Books with Wings and Grade 8 students • Women in Medicine • St. Felix Mentorship Program for Inner City children • University of Toronto International Health Program • Parkdale Mentorship Program for Grade 10-12 students • Complementary and Alternative Medicine • WoodGreen Community Centre • Peer Support for Students • Let’s Talk Science • History of Medicine Society • Growing Up Healthy • Faculty of Medicine Yearbook Annual Faculty Showcase Events Other Events • Daffydil, in support of the Canadian Cancer Society • Save a Child’s Heart • Earthtones Benefit Concert • Australian Medical School Association Conference • Convocation and Ceremonies • Medical Student Research Day • Ontario Medical Students Weekend (OMSW) Scholarships and Bursaries • OMSA’s Medical Student Education Research Grant • Nishant Fozdar Memorial Award (MSERG) • Graduating Medical Class Scholarships and Bursaries Note: Many of you have wondered about the Toronto Notes logo, which is based on the rod of Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine. The rod of Asclepius consists of a single serpent entwined around a staff. This icon symbolizes both rebirth, by way of a snake shedding its skin, and also authority, by way of the staff. In ancient Greek mythology, Asclepius was the son of Apollo and a skilled practitioner of medicine who learned the medical arts from the centaur Chiron. Asclepius’ healing abilities were so great that he was said to be able to bring back people from the dead. These powers displeased the gods, who punished Asclepius by placing him in the sky as the constellation Orphiuchus. The rod of Asclepius is at times confused with the caduceus, or wand, of Hermes, a staff entwined with two serpents and often depicted with wings. The caduceus is often used as a symbol of medicine or medical professionals, but there is little historical basis for this symbolism. As you may have guessed, our logo uses the rod of Asclepius that is modified to also resemble the CN Tower – our way of recognizing the university and community in which we have been privileged to learn the art and science of medicine. Thomas O’Brien, MD Class of 2009, M.D. Program, University of Toronto 3 Toronto Notes 2020 Preface – From the Editors Dear Readers, We want to highlight the exceptional work of our As the Editors-in-Chief of Toronto Notes 2020, we are team, composed of over 150 medical students, proud to present this updated edition. medical illustrators, and faculty members at the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine. Without Toronto Notes began humbly in 1985 from a set of the tireless effort expended by these individuals, the student notes circulated among medical students production of Toronto Notes 2020 would not have at the University of Toronto. Over time, Toronto been possible. In particular, we would like to highlight Notes has grown into one of the premier study the amazing work of our executive team, all of whom resources for generations of medical trainees. This made personal sacrifices in balancing their clinical rich history solidified our commitment to publish a and academic duties with the responsibilities asked comprehensive study resource for medical students of them: our production managers, Megan Drupals engaged in clinical rotations and studying for both and Matthaeus Ware, our associate editors, Vanessa the Canadian MCCQE Part 1 and the USMLE Step 2. Sheng, Jia Tanwani, Calvin Diep, Jagan Sivakumaran, Danielle Jeong, and Nivethan Vela, our EBM editors, For the past 36 years, we have remained committed Melissa Allwood, Milica Milakovic, Michael Elfassy, to our original vision. The 2020 edition of Toronto Kimia Sheikholeslami, Khizar Karim, and Ryan Wang, Notes contains significant improvements including: our clinical handbook editors, Priya Dhir, Helen Genis, and Meghan Kerr, and our communication 1. For the first time, Toronto Notes is offered as a 3 managers, Courtney Francis and Shane Natalwalla. book set. We hope this makes our premier study Lastly, we would like to thank our partners at Type & resource more portable for our readers. Graphics Inc., particularly Enrica Aguilera, for their 2. An improved interactive e-book with high-quality assistance during the production of Toronto Notes colour images. 2020. 3. The clinical handbook is now combined with STAT notes, making it the perfect resource for all We hope that Toronto Notes 2020 enhances your of your clinical rotations. The updated handbook medical knowledge and allows you to perform better also contains a new quick-reference pharmacology on both your clinical rotations and licensing exams. table that provides a succinct overview of On behalf of the Toronto Notes 2020 team, we wish common drugs, routes of administration, and you success in your studies and academic endeavours. usage information. 4. Our updated website has been redesigned to Sincerely, complement your studies. Visit us online for our newly updated Colour Atlas, our Radiology Sara Mirali, BSc (Hons), MD/PhD Candidate and Imaging Database, practice review questions, and Ayesh Seneviratne, MSc, MD/PhD Candidate more. Editors-in-Chief, Toronto Notes 2020 MD Program, University of Toronto Toronto Notes 2020 is produced by Toronto Notes for Medical Students Inc., which is a non-profit organization supporting various charity organizations in Toronto and beyond. This year, Toronto Notes for Medical Students has supported organizations including medical school clubs, community outreach groups, student bursaries and scholarships, and the Canadian Cancer Society. We would like to thank you for supporting these initiatives through your purchase of Toronto Notes 2020. 4 Toronto Notes 2020 Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the exceptional work of all previous Toronto Notes (formerly MCCQE Notes) Editors-in-Chief and their editorial teams. The 36th edition of this text was made possible with their contributions. 2019 (35th ed.): Taraneh (Tara) Tofighi and Mark Shafarenko 2018 (34th ed.): Tina Binesh Marvasti and Sydney McQueen 2017 (33rd ed.): Jieun Kim and Ilya Mukovozov 2016 (32nd ed.): Zamir Merali and Justin D. Woodfine 2015 (31th ed.): Justin Hall and Azra Premji 2014 (30th ed.): Miliana Vojvodic and Ann Young 2013 (29th ed.): Curtis Woodford and Christopher Yao 2012 (28th ed.): Jesse M. Klostranec and David L. Kolin 2011 (27th ed.): Yingming Amy Chen and Christopher Tran 2010 (26th ed.): Simon Baxter and Gordon McSheffrey 2009 (25th ed.): Sagar Dugani and Danica Lam 2008 (24th ed.): Rebecca Colman and Ron Somogyi 2007 (23rd ed.): Marilyn Heng and Joseph Ari Greenwald 2006 (22nd ed.): Carolyn Jane Shiau and Andrew Jonathan Toren 2005 (21st ed.): Blair John Normand Leonard and Jonathan Chi-Wai Yeung 2004 (20th ed.): Andrea Molckovsky and Kashif S. Pirzada 2003 (19th ed.): Prateek Lala and Andrea Waddell 2002 (18th ed.): Neety Panu and Sunny Wong 2001 (17th ed.): Jason Yue and Gagan Ahuja 2000 (16th ed.): Marcus Law and Brian Rotenberg 1999 (15th ed.): Sofia Ahmed and Matthew Cheung 1998 (14th ed.): Marilyn Abraham and M Appleby 1997 (13th ed.): William Harris and Paul Kurdyak 1996 (12th ed.): Michael B. Chang and Laura J. Macnow 1995 (11th ed.): Ann L. Mai and Brian J. Murray 1994 (10th ed.): Kenneth Pace and Peter Ferguson 1993 (9th ed.): Joan Cheng and Russell Goldman 1992 (8th ed.): Gideon Cohen-Nehemia and Shanthi Vasudevan All former Chief Editors from 1991 (7th ed.) to 1985 (1st ed.) 5 Toronto Notes 2020 Student Contributors Editors-in-Chief Production Managers Clinical Handbook Website Managers/ Communications BMC Production Editors Sara Mirali Megan Drupals Editors Atlas Editors Managers Julia Devorak Ayesh Seneviratne Matthaeus Ware Helen Genis Sylvie Bowden Courtney Francis Farah Hamade Priya Dhir Emily Chen Shane Natalwalla Meghan Kerr Sandra Fiset Amrit Sampalli PRIMARY MEDICINE SURGERY Associate Editors EBM Editors Associate Editors EBM Editors Associate Editors EBM Editors Vanessa Sheng Melissa Allwood Calvin Diep Michael Elfassy Danielle Jeong Khizar Karim Jia Tanwani Milica Milakovic Jagan Sivakumaran Kimia Sheikholeslami Nivethan Vela Ryan Wang Chapter Editors Chapter Editors Chapter Editors Ethical, Legal, and Family Medicine Cardiology and Infectious Diseases General Surgery and Orthopedics Organizational Medicine Kate Dillon Cardiac Surgery Monica Shah Thoracic Surgery Akshdeep Singh Bhatia Anna Kurdina Tiffany Got Armin Abadeh Donald Wang Kimberley Lam-Tin- Anthony Giuliano David Wiercigroch Healey Shulman David Bobrowski Cheung Sam Keshen Alexandra Silberberg Irakli Dzneladze Nephrology Darby Little Anesthesia and Kimberley Lau Savar Kaul Andreea Matei Otolaryngology Perioperative Medicine Medical Genetics Nishwa Shah Sonieya Nagarajah Amirpouyan (Pouyan) Kosalan Akilan Sivakami Mylvaganam Endocrinology Namavarian Nicole Falzone Ayesha Tasneem Neurology Gynecology Gianluca Sampieri John Mikhaeil Medical Imaging Yifan Yang Megan Hird Sarah Freeman Eunice You Mana Modares Wid Yaseen Eshita Kapoor Vanessa Rojas Luengas Clinical Pharmacology Taryn Rohringer Cathy Meng Fei Li Ryan Ramos Plastic Surgery Felix Chan Daniel Schlam Gastroenterology George Ho Arman Zereshkian Arshia Javidan Respirology Neurosurgery Shawn Khan Pediatrics Jocelyn Jia Samuel Gurupatham Connor Brenna Janakan Somasundaram Dermatology Vinyas Harish Sechiv Jugnundan Aneesh Thakore Karanbir Brar Josh Fletcher Alexandra Kilian Karim Mithani Urology Khalad Maliyar Linlei Ye Geriatric Medicine Rheumatology Adam Bobrowski Arunima Sivanand Kimberly Young Laavanya Daniel Pau Obstetrics Jethro Kwong Dharmakulaseelan Hilary Pang Michelle Anderson Min Joon Lee Emergency Medicine Psychiatry Fizza Manzoor Sophia Duong Abirami Kirubarajan Maria Berseneva Hannah Tateishi Emily Li Vascular Surgery Marissa Lu Brigida Bruno Kennedy Ayoo Aidan McParland Daniel Kapustin Hematology Ophthalmology Brianna Barsanti-Innes Jason Park Ronak Saluja Sze Wah Samuel Shicheng (Tony) Jin Chan Prem Nichani Public Health and RuiQi (Richard) Chen Daniel Sei Joon Park Preventive Medicine Kathryn Corbett Austin Pereira Harpreet Chahal Ben Shachar Vishalini Sivarajah Copy Editors Copy Editors Copy Editors Ethical, Legal, and Medical Genetics Cardiology and Infectious Diseases General Surgery and Orthopedics Organizational Medicine Janis Chang Cardiac Surgery Meera Mahendiran Thoracic Surgery Anser Daud Monisha Basu Klaudiusz Stoklosa Elliot Smith Isha Narula Emmanuel Igbokwe Medical Imaging Siobhan Wong Sung Hoon (Peter) Anesthesia and Yasser Salama Nephrology Otolaryngology Song Perioperative Medicine Rachel Trister Endocrinology Joel George Emily DeHaas Dong An Orly Bogler Seiwon Park Gynecology Bryan Wong Pediatrics Fadi Gorgi Grace Zhao Andrew Butti Marina Atalla Neurology Plastic Surgery Kirusanthy Kaneshwaran Xin Xu Kristen Dietrich Gastroenterology Ortenc Hoxha Shawn Khan Clinical Pharmacology Brian Earl Lauren Beck Valerie Kim Neurosurgery Mithila Somasundaram Isabelle Laksono Stephanie Hosang Sara Ahmed Geriatric Medicine Respirology Urology Kristen Munro Hetshree Joshi Dermatology Emily Bellicoso Erica Brant Susan Dong Airiss Chan Psychiatry Rina Huo Obstetrics Julia Hollingsworth Hematology Matthew Ladda Taaha Muhammad Ye Rin (Yenah) Seo Lauren Clarfield Rheumatology Vascular Surgery Sheida Naderi-Azad Serena Kay Eliya Zhao Isabella Fan Lindsay Cho Frozan Safi Amita Mall Emergency Medicine Vibeeshan Ophthalmology Anuja Bhalerao Public Health and Jegatheeswaran Ruben Kalaichandran Kiran Grant Preventive Medicine Abdul Sidiqi Krish Bilimoria Family Medicine Isabelle MacLean Casey Rosen Jackie Tsang BMC ILLUSTRATORS Taeah Kim Mona Li Chloe Ng Kim Nipp Lesia Szyca Emily Taylor Rachael Whitehead Alexander Young 6 Toronto Notes 2020 Faculty Contributors, University of Toronto All contributing professors have been appointed at the University of Toronto. PRIMARY Joyce So, MD, PhD, FRCPC, FCCMG MEDICINE The Fred A Litwin Family Centre in Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ethical, Legal, and Organizational Cardiology Mount Sinai Hospital and Medicine University Health Network Chi-Ming Chow, MD, CM, MSc, FRCPC Ruby Shanker, MBBS, MHSc Division of Cardiology, Department of University Health Network, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Medical Imaging Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital University of Toronto Nasir Jaffer, MD, FRCPC Paul Dorian, MD, MSc, FRCPC Division of Abdominal Imaging, Division of Cardiology, Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael’s Hospital Mount Sinai Hospital and Ahtsham Niazi, MBBS, FCARCSI, FRCPC University Health Network Department of Anesthesia and Pain Anna Woo, MD CM, SM, DABIM, FRCPC Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Management, University Health Network University of Toronto Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Jeff Wassermann, MD, FRCPC Department of Anesthesia, John Kavanagh, MD, FRCPC University Health Network Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, St. Michael’s Hospital Toronto General Hospital Department of Medical Imaging, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto Clinical Pharmacology Endocrinology David Juurlink, BPhm, MD, PhD, FRCPC Julie Gilmour, MBCHB, FRCPC, MSC Eugene Yu, MD, FRCPC Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Endocrinology, Division of Neuroradiology, Toxicology, Departments of Medicine and St. Michael’s Hospital Department of Medical Imaging, Pediatrics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre University Health Network Karen Gomez-Hernandez, MD, MSc Department of Endocrinology, Dermatology Pediatrics University Health Network David Adam, MD, FRCPC Julie Johnstone, MD (FRCPC), MScCH Mount Sinai Hospital Division of Dermatology, Department of Division of Pediatric Medicine, Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital Department of Pediatrics, Phillip Segal, MD, FRCPC The Hospital for Sick Children Division of Endocrinology, Marissa Joseph, MD, FRCPC University Health Network Division of Dermatology, Laila Premji, MD, FRCPC Department of Medicine, Division of Paediatric Medicine, Women’s College Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology The Hospital for Sick Children The Hospital for Sick Children Maria Cino, BSc(Hon), MSc, MD, FRCPC Division of Gastroenterology, Jensen Yeung, MD, FRCPC Janaki Vallipuram, MD, FRCPC University Health Network, Division of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Toronto Western Hospital Department of Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Women’s College Hospital Gabor Kandel, MD, FRCPC Division of Gastroenterology, Psychiatry Department of Medicine, Emergency Medicine Benoit Mulsant, MD, MS, FRCPC St. Michael’s Hospital Mark Freedman, MD, FRCPC Department of Psychiatry, Department of Emergency Medicine, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Piero Tartaro, MD, MSc, FRCPC Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Division of Gastroenterology, Dr. Mary Preisman, MD, FRCPC Department of Medicine, Fernando Teixeira, MD, FRCPC Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital St. Michael’s Hospital Dr. Amit Rotem, MD Geriatric Medicine Family Medicine Department of Psychiatry, Vicky Chau, MD, MScCH, FRCPC Ruby Alvi, MD, CCFP, MHSc Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Department of Medicine, Medicine, University of Toronto Dr. Ilana Heather Shawn, MD, FRCPC University Health Network Department of Psychiatry, Azadeh (Azi) Moaveni, MD, CCFP St. Michael’s Hospital Karen D’Silva, MD, MS, FRCPC Department of Family and Community Division of Geriatrics, Medicine, University Health Network, St Michael’s Hospital Public Health and Preventive Medicine Toronto Western Hospital Barry Pakes, BSc, MD, MPH, CCFP, DTMH, Dan Liberman, MD, MScCH, FRCPC Dr. Sherylan Young, MD, CCFP, FCFP FRCPC, PhD Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre University of Toronto University Health Network Nav Persaud, MD, MSc, BA, BSc Medical Genetics Department of Family and Community Hematology Hanna Faghfoury, MDCM, FRCPC, FCCMG Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital Gloria Lim, MD, MSc, FRCPC The Fred A Litwin Family Centre in Genetic Department of Family and Community Division of Hematology, Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medicine, University of Toronto Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and St. Michael’s Hospital University Health Network 7 Toronto Notes 2020 Faculty Contributors, University of Toronto Martina Trinkaus, MD, FRCPC SURGERY Joshua Teichman, MD, FRCSC Division of Hematology, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Medicine, Trillium Health Partners General Surgery and Thoracic Surgery St. Michael’s Hospital Abdollah Behzadi, MD, MBA, FRCSC, FACS Richard Wells, MD, D.Phil, FRCPC Department of General Surgery, Orthopedics Trillium Health Partners Division of Medical Oncology and Jeremy Hall, MD, FRCSC Hematology, Department of Medicine, Dvision of Orthopedic Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Michael Ko, MD, PhD, FRCSC Department of Surgery, Department of General Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital St Joseph’s Health Care Herb von Schroeder, MD, MSc, FRCSC Infectious Diseases Jesse Pasternak, MD, MPH, FRCSC Divisions of Orthopedic Surgery and Ari Bitnun, MD, MSc, FRCPC Department of General Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network University Health Network Department of Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Fayez Quereshy, MD, MBA, FRCSC Sarah Ward, MD, MLA, MSc , FRCSC Department of General Surgery, Divisions of Orthopedic Surgery, Paul Bunce, BSc, MA, MD, FRCPC University Health Network, Department of Surgery, Division of Infectious Diseases, Toronto Western Hospital St. Michael’s Hospital Department of Medicine, University Health Network Dr. David Wasserstein, MD, FRCSC, MSc, Gynecology MPH(c) Susan M. Poutanen, MD, MPH, FRCPC Sari Kives, MD, FRCSC Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Microbiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre University Health Network St. Michael’s Hospital and Mount Sinai Hospital The Hospital for Sick Children Otolaryngology Danielle Vicus, MD, FRCSC, MSc Jonathan Irish, MD, MSc, FRCSC Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nephrology Department of Otolaryngology - Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Zahirieh Alireza, MD, FRCPC Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Nephrology, Fay Weisberg, MD, FRCSC University Health Network Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Division of Reproductive Endocrinology Evan Propst, MD, MSc, FRCSC and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Department of Otolaryngology - Istvan Mucsi, MD, PhD, FRCPC Gynecology, University of Toronto Head and Neck Surgery, Multi-Organ Transplant Program and The Hospital for Sick Children Division of Nephrology, University Health Network Neurosurgery Todd Mainprize, MD, FRCSC Plastic Surgery Gemini Tanna, MD, FRCPC Department of Neurosurgery, Siba Haykal, MD, PhD, FRCSC Division of Nephrology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Eric Massicotte, MD, MSc, FRCSC University Health Network Department of Neurosurgery, University Health Network, Melinda Musgrave, MD, PhD, FRCSC Neurology Toronto Western Hospital Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Esther Bui, MD, FRCPC Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital Division of Neurology, Obstetrics Department of Medicine, University Health Network Rohan D’Souza, MD, MSc, FRCOG, PhD (C) Urology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sender Herschorn, MDCM, FRCSC Mount Sinai Hospital Xavier Montalban, MD, PhD Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Richard Pittini, MD, MEd, FRCSC, FACOG Department of Medicine, Women’s College Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Michael’s Hospital University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Jason Lee, MD, MHPE, FRCSC Sciences Centre Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, Respirology Amanda Selk, MD, FRCSC Toronto General Hospital Anju Anand, MD, FRCPC Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Divison of Respirology, Mount Sinai Hospital Department of Medicine, Vascular Surgery St. Michael’s Hospital Elisa Greco, BSc, MBChB, MD, FRCS Ophthalmology Division of Vascular Surgery, Meyer Balter, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FCCP Asim Ali, MD, FRCSC Department of Surgery, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Opthalmology and St. Michael’s Hospital Mount Sinai Hospital Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto George Oreopoulos, MD, MSc, FRCSC Division of Vascular Surgery, Rheumatology Wai-Ching Lam, MD, FRCSC Department of Surgery, Simon Carette, MD, FRCPC Department of Ophthalmology and University Health Network Division of Rheumatology, Vision Science, University Health Network, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital Mount Sinai Hospital Marisa Sit, MD, FRCSC Arthur Bookman, MD, FRCPC Department of Opthalmology and Division of Rheumatology, Vision Sciences, University Health Network, University Health Network Toronto Western Hospital 8 Toronto Notes 2020 Table of Contents Index Abbreviations Common Unit Conversions Commonly Measured Laboratory Values Ethical, Legal, and Organizational Medicine ................................................. ELOM Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine..................................................... A Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery........................................................... C Clinical Pharmacology ................................................................... CP Dermatology........................................................................... D Emergency Medicine .................................................................... ER Endocrinology.......................................................................... E Family Medicine ........................................................................ FM Gastroenterology ....................................................................... G General Surgery and Thoracic Surgery...................................................... GS Geriatric Medicine ...................................................................... GM Gynecology............................................................................ GY Hematology............................................................................ H Infectious Diseases...................................................................... ID Medical Genetics .......................................................................MG Medical Imaging........................................................................ MI Nephrology............................................................................ NP Neurology ............................................................................. N Neurosurgery .......................................................................... NS Obstetrics ............................................................................. OB Ophthalmology......................................................................... OP Orthopedic Surgery ..................................................................... OR Otolaryngology......................................................................... OT Pediatrics.............................................................................. P Plastic Surgery ......................................................................... PL Psychiatry ............................................................................. PS Public Health and Preventive Medicine ..................................................... PH Respirology............................................................................ R Rheumatology.......................................................................... RH Urology ............................................................................... U Vascular Surgery........................................................................ VS Index 9 Toronto Notes 2020
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