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Topics in Constraint-Based Grammar of Japanese PDF

271 Pages·1999·6.154 MB·English
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TOPICS IN CONSTRAINT-BASED GRAMMAR OF JAPANESE Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy Volume 68 Managing Editors GENNARO CHIERCHIA, University of Milan PAULINE JACOBSON, Brown University FRANCIS J. PELLETIER, University ofA lberta Editorial Board JOHAN V AN BENTHEM, University ofA msterdam GREGORY N. CARLSON, University of Rochester DAVID DOWTY, Ohio State University. Columbus GERALD GAZDAR, University of Sussex. Brighton IRENE HElM, Ml T.. Cambridge EW AN KLEIN, University of Edinburgh BILL LADUSAW, University of California at Santa Cruz TERRENCE PARSONS, University of California. Irvine The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. TOPICS IN CONSTRAINT-BASED GRAMMAR OF JAPANESE edited by TAKAOGUNJI Osaka University, Osaka, Japan and KâITI HASIDA Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tsukuba, Japan .. SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7923-5611-0 ISBN 978-94-011-5272-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-5272-3 Printed on acid-free paper AlI Rights Reserved © 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner Contents List of Authors ix Preface xi 1 Introduction Takao Gunji and Koiti Hasida 1 1.1 Constraint-Based Grammars 2 1.2 Feature Structure . 5 1.2.1 Features...... 5 1.2.2 Lexicon ... . . . 8 1.2.3 Structural Principles 9 1.3 Organization of the Book. . 12 I RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN JPSG 15 2 Relative Clauses and Adnominal Clauses Hidetosi Sirai and Takao Gunji 17 2.1 Classification of Adnominal Clauses . . 17 2.1.1 Internal Relationship . 18 2.1.2 External Relationship 19 2.1.3 Summary ...... 22 2.2 Formalization ........ 23 2.2.1 Relative Clauses as Adjuncts to the Head Noun 23 2.2.2 Types of Relative Clauses . . . 24 2.2.3 Gaps from Nonarguments . . . 25 2.2.4 The Indirect Binding Approach 26 2.2.5 The Direct Binding Approach 30 2.3 Further Issues 35 2.4 Conclusion.......... 36 3 Measurement and Quantification Takao Gunji and Koiti Hasida 39 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . 39 3.2 Intranominal Measure Phrases . . . 41 3.3 Adverbial Measure Phrases .... 44 3.3.1 Subject-Object Asymmetry 45 v vi Contents 3.3.2 Semantic Aspects of Subject-Object Asymmetry. 53 3.3.3 Measurement and Incremental Theme 58 3.3.4 Quantification as Coercion . 64 3.3.5 Cost and Acceptability . 70 3.4 Conclusion........... 77 4 The Temporal System in Japanese Yoshiyuki Igarashi and Takao Gunji 81 ... 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 The Proto-Lexicon 82 ...... 4.3 Views 84 4.3.1 The View Feature 84 4.3.2 View-Changing Verbals 86 4.4 Aspects ... 90 ... 4.5 Tenses 93 4.6 Conclusion . 96 5 An Overview of the JPSG Phonology Mitinao Francis Matui 99 ........... 5.1 Introduction 99 ......... 5.1.1 Purpose 99 5.1.2 Framework of the JPSG Phonology 99 5.1.3 Property of Phonology . . . . . . . 100 5.2 Phonological Units and Word Classes in Japanese 101 5.2.1 Definition of Phonological Units . . . . . 101 5.2.2 Other Aspects of Phonological Elements . 103 5.2.3 Japanese Lexical Classes. 106 5.3 Underlying and Surface Forms . 106 .. 5.3.1 Feature Structures 106 5.3.2 Phonological Features 107 5.3.3 Finite-State Automata 108 5.3.4 Other FSAs-Constraints 110 5.3.5 Other Constraints Between Features 111 5.4 Retrieval System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.4.1 Autosegmental Constraint: Retrieval System I . 113 5.4.2 Default Value: Retrieval System II . . . . . 115 5.4.3 Epenthesis Constraint: Retrieval System III 116 5.4.4 Lenition Constraint: Retrieval System IV 116 .............. 5.5 Word Formation 118 5.5.1 Emphatic Adverb with Prolonged ri 118 5.5.2 Sino-Japanese Stems . . . . . . 122 5.5.3 Default Vowels in Loan Words . 126 5.6 Morphology of Japanese Verbs . . . . 127 5.6.1 Characteristics of Verb Stems 127 Contents Vll 5.6.2 Characteristics of Postverbal Fonns 128 5.6.3 Past Tense Forms ...... . 133 5.6.4 Ik, g/ at the Stem-final Position 138 5.7 Conclusion .............. . 140 6 Implementation Hiroshi Tsuda and Koiti Hasida 141 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Linguistic Constructions . . . . . . . . . . 142 6.2.1 Disjunctive Feature Structure (DFS) 142 6.2.2 Structural Principles . . . 143 6.3 cu-Prolog................. 144 6.3.1 Conventional Approaches .... 144 6.3.2 Constrained Hom Clause (CHC) . 144 6.3.3 Derivation Rule . . . . . . 145 6.3.4 PST ........... . 145 6.3.5 Nonnal Fonn of Constraint 145 6.3.6 Constraint Transfonnation 147 6.4 JPSG Parser . . . . . . . . 150 6.4.1 Phrase Structure . . 150 6.4.2 Lexical Ambiguity . 151 6.4.3 Structural Principle 152 6.4.4 cu-Prolog III 153 6.5 Closing Remarks . . . 153 II RELATED ISSUES 157 7 The Temporal Interpretation of Japanese Subordinate Clauses Yoshiyuki Igarashi 159 7.1 Overview........ 159 7.2 Relative Clauses . . . . 160 7.3 To-Complement Clauses 166 7.4 Adverbial Clauses 167 7.5 Summary........... 174 8 Japanese Conditionals and Cost of Utterance Ken-Ichiro Shirai 175 8.1 Introduction ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 8.2 General Characteristics of Japanese Conditionals 176 8.3 To Construction 179 8.4 Tara Construction ....... . 183 8.5 Nara construction .. . . . . . . 187 8.6 Conditionals in Natural Language 193 viii Contents 8.7 Cost of Utterance and Grammaticality in Discourse 195 8.8 Further Application: Nai Utini Construction . . . 199 9 Coreference Analysis Based on Causality Relations Hiroshi Nakagawa 205 9.1 Introduction .... . . . . . 205 9.2 Examples and Observations . 206 9.2.1 Verbs and Adjectives. 206 9.2.2 Modality Part .. 210 9.3 Formal Definition ofMSR 213 9.4 Localization 216 9.5 Conclusions .. . . . . . 218 10 A Semantic Analysis of Hierarchical Clause Structure in Japanese Toshiyuki Tonoike and Hiroshi Sano 219 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 10.2 A Sketch of the Points in Previous Work. 220 10.3 Graphic Notation for Ease of Exposition . 230 10.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Appendix: Details of the four levels and related lexical items 234 A.l Level A 234 A.2 Level B 239 A.3 Level C . 241 A.4 Level V 242 A.5 Related Phenomena 242 References 253 List of Authors Takao Gunji Faculty of Language and Culture, Osaka University Koiti Hasida Natural Language Research Division, Electrotechnical Laboratory Yoshiyuki Igarashi Faculty oflnternational Relations, Tokyo International Uni versity Mitinao Francis Matui Faculty of Language and Culture, Osaka University Hiroshi Nakagawa Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University Hiroshi Sano Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Ken-ichiro Shirai Faculty of Liberal Arts, Chukyo University Hidetosi Sirai School of Computer and Cognitive Sciences, Chukyo University Toshiyuki Tonoike Faculty of Language and Culture, Nagoya University Hiroshi Tsuda Multimedia System Research Laboratory, Fujitsu, Ltd. IX Preface This collection of papers reports our attempt to sketch how Japanese grammar can be represented in a constraint-based formalism. Our first attempt of this nature appeared a decade ago as Japanese Phrase Structure Grammar (Gunji 1987) and in several papers following the publication of the book. This book has evolved from a technical memo that was a progress report on the Japanese phrase structure grammar (JPSG) project, which was conducted as an activity of the JPSG Working Group at ICOT (Institute for New-Generation Computing Technology) from 1984 to 1992. JPSG implements ideas from recent developments in phrase structure grammar formalism, such as head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG), (see Pollard & Sag 1987, 1994) as applied to the Japanese language. The main goal of this project was to state various grammatical regularities exhibited in natural language in general (and in Japanese in particular) as a set of local constraints. The book is organized in two parts. Part I gives an overview of developments in our framework after the publication of Gunji (1987), introducing our fundamental assumptions as well as discussing various aspects of Japanese in the constraint based formalism and summarizing discussions of the JPSG Working Group during the above-mentioned period. Naturally, in the period after the publication of the above book, our discussion was centered on topics not covered in the book. Each chapter in Part I is written by one or two of the members of the Working Group, largely reflecting discussions and conclusions of the Working Group, but also adding his or their own contributions. Thus, the final form and the detailed theorization of each chapter is mainly determined by the respective author(s), though we have been in constant contact as to the progress of the papers. Part II contains some related papers broadly construed as being written in the constraint-based grammar framework by members of the Working Group. They discuss aspects of Japanese that have not been fully discussed during the regular meetings of the Working Group. The four chapers in Part II, however, are closely related to the chapters in Part I and indicate possible points of departure for extensions in the future, though the authors have been allowed to be somewhat freer in presenting their theory and choosing their topics. In particular, the topics treated in the second part are mostly on pragmatic aspects of Japanese, which is of little concern in Part I. We have, however, introduced some innovative concepts in the mostly syntactic and semantic treatment of various phenomena in Part I also. For example, the concept of cost plays a central role both in the treatment of quantifiers (Chapter 3) and phonology (Chapter 5). This concept naturally has been used extensively xi

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