Topics in Constraint-Based Grammar of Japanese

271 Pages·1999·6.154 MB·English

by  Takao Gunji, Kôiti Hasida (auth.), Takao Gunji, Kôiti Hasida (eds.)

TOPICS IN CONSTRAINT-BASED GRAMMAR OF JAPANESE
Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy
Volume 68
Managing Editors
GENNARO CHIERCHIA, University of Milan
PAULINE JACOBSON, Brown University
FRANCIS J. PELLETIER, University ofA lberta
Editorial Board
JOHAN V AN BENTHEM, University ofA msterdam
GREGORY N. CARLSON, University of Rochester
DAVID DOWTY, Ohio State University. Columbus
GERALD GAZDAR, University of Sussex. Brighton
IRENE HElM, Ml T.. Cambridge
EW AN KLEIN, University of Edinburgh
BILL LADUSAW, University of California at Santa Cruz
TERRENCE PARSONS, University of California. Irvine
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
TOPICS IN CONSTRAINT-BASED
GRAMMAR OF JAPANESE
edited by
TAKAOGUNJI
Osaka University,
Osaka, Japan
and
KâITI HASIDA
Electrotechnical Laboratory,
Tsukuba, Japan
..
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-0-7923-5611-0 ISBN 978-94-011-5272-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-5272-3
Printed on acid-free paper
AlI Rights Reserved
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner
Contents
List of Authors ix
Preface xi
1 Introduction
Takao Gunji and Koiti Hasida 1
1.1 Constraint-Based Grammars 2
1.2 Feature Structure . 5
1.2.1 Features...... 5
1.2.2 Lexicon ... . . . 8
1.2.3 Structural Principles 9
1.3 Organization of the Book. . 12
I RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN JPSG 15
2 Relative Clauses and Adnominal Clauses
Hidetosi Sirai and Takao Gunji 17
2.1 Classification of Adnominal Clauses . . 17
2.1.1 Internal Relationship . 18
2.1.2 External Relationship 19
2.1.3 Summary ...... 22
2.2 Formalization ........ 23
2.2.1 Relative Clauses as Adjuncts to the Head Noun 23
2.2.2 Types of Relative Clauses . . . 24
2.2.3 Gaps from Nonarguments . . . 25
2.2.4 The Indirect Binding Approach 26
2.2.5 The Direct Binding Approach 30
2.3 Further Issues 35
2.4 Conclusion.......... 36
3 Measurement and Quantification
Takao Gunji and Koiti Hasida 39
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 Intranominal Measure Phrases . . . 41
3.3 Adverbial Measure Phrases .... 44
3.3.1 Subject-Object Asymmetry 45
v
vi Contents
3.3.2 Semantic Aspects of Subject-Object Asymmetry. 53
3.3.3 Measurement and Incremental Theme 58
3.3.4 Quantification as Coercion . 64
3.3.5 Cost and Acceptability . 70
3.4 Conclusion........... 77
4 The Temporal System in Japanese
Yoshiyuki Igarashi and Takao Gunji 81
...
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 The Proto-Lexicon 82
......
4.3 Views 84
4.3.1 The View Feature 84
4.3.2 View-Changing Verbals 86
4.4 Aspects ... 90
...
4.5 Tenses 93
4.6 Conclusion . 96
5 An Overview of the JPSG Phonology
Mitinao Francis Matui 99
...........
5.1 Introduction 99
.........
5.1.1 Purpose 99
5.1.2 Framework of the JPSG Phonology 99
5.1.3 Property of Phonology . . . . . . . 100
5.2 Phonological Units and Word Classes in Japanese 101
5.2.1 Definition of Phonological Units . . . . . 101
5.2.2 Other Aspects of Phonological Elements . 103
5.2.3 Japanese Lexical Classes. 106
5.3 Underlying and Surface Forms . 106
..
5.3.1 Feature Structures 106
5.3.2 Phonological Features 107
5.3.3 Finite-State Automata 108
5.3.4 Other FSAs-Constraints 110
5.3.5 Other Constraints Between Features 111
5.4 Retrieval System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.4.1 Autosegmental Constraint: Retrieval System I . 113
5.4.2 Default Value: Retrieval System II . . . . . 115
5.4.3 Epenthesis Constraint: Retrieval System III 116
5.4.4 Lenition Constraint: Retrieval System IV 116
..............
5.5 Word Formation 118
5.5.1 Emphatic Adverb with Prolonged ri 118
5.5.2 Sino-Japanese Stems . . . . . . 122
5.5.3 Default Vowels in Loan Words . 126
5.6 Morphology of Japanese Verbs . . . . 127
5.6.1 Characteristics of Verb Stems 127
Contents Vll
5.6.2 Characteristics of Postverbal Fonns 128
5.6.3 Past Tense Forms ...... . 133
5.6.4 Ik, g/ at the Stem-final Position 138
5.7 Conclusion .............. . 140
6 Implementation
Hiroshi Tsuda and Koiti Hasida 141
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 Linguistic Constructions . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.2.1 Disjunctive Feature Structure (DFS) 142
6.2.2 Structural Principles . . . 143
6.3 cu-Prolog................. 144
6.3.1 Conventional Approaches .... 144
6.3.2 Constrained Hom Clause (CHC) . 144
6.3.3 Derivation Rule . . . . . . 145
6.3.4 PST ........... . 145
6.3.5 Nonnal Fonn of Constraint 145
6.3.6 Constraint Transfonnation 147
6.4 JPSG Parser . . . . . . . . 150
6.4.1 Phrase Structure . . 150
6.4.2 Lexical Ambiguity . 151
6.4.3 Structural Principle 152
6.4.4 cu-Prolog III 153
6.5 Closing Remarks . . . 153
II RELATED ISSUES 157
7 The Temporal Interpretation of Japanese Subordinate Clauses
Yoshiyuki Igarashi 159
7.1 Overview........ 159
7.2 Relative Clauses . . . . 160
7.3 To-Complement Clauses 166
7.4 Adverbial Clauses 167
7.5 Summary........... 174
8 Japanese Conditionals and Cost of Utterance
Ken-Ichiro Shirai 175
8.1 Introduction ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
8.2 General Characteristics of Japanese Conditionals 176
8.3 To Construction 179
8.4 Tara Construction ....... . 183
8.5 Nara construction .. . . . . . . 187
8.6 Conditionals in Natural Language 193
viii Contents
8.7 Cost of Utterance and Grammaticality in Discourse 195
8.8 Further Application: Nai Utini Construction . . . 199
9 Coreference Analysis Based on Causality Relations
Hiroshi Nakagawa 205
9.1 Introduction .... . . . . . 205
9.2 Examples and Observations . 206
9.2.1 Verbs and Adjectives. 206
9.2.2 Modality Part .. 210
9.3 Formal Definition ofMSR 213
9.4 Localization 216
9.5 Conclusions .. . . . . . 218
10 A Semantic Analysis of Hierarchical Clause Structure in Japanese
Toshiyuki Tonoike and Hiroshi Sano 219
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
10.2 A Sketch of the Points in Previous Work. 220
10.3 Graphic Notation for Ease of Exposition . 230
10.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Appendix: Details of the four levels and related lexical items 234
A.l Level A 234
A.2 Level B 239
A.3 Level C . 241
A.4 Level V 242
A.5 Related Phenomena 242
References 253
List of Authors
Takao Gunji Faculty of Language and Culture, Osaka University
Koiti Hasida Natural Language Research Division, Electrotechnical
Laboratory
Yoshiyuki Igarashi Faculty oflnternational Relations, Tokyo International Uni
versity
Mitinao Francis Matui Faculty of Language and Culture, Osaka University
Hiroshi Nakagawa Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University
Hiroshi Sano Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
Ken-ichiro Shirai Faculty of Liberal Arts, Chukyo University
Hidetosi Sirai School of Computer and Cognitive Sciences, Chukyo University
Toshiyuki Tonoike Faculty of Language and Culture, Nagoya University
Hiroshi Tsuda Multimedia System Research Laboratory, Fujitsu, Ltd.
IX
Preface
This collection of papers reports our attempt to sketch how Japanese grammar can
be represented in a constraint-based formalism. Our first attempt of this nature
appeared a decade ago as Japanese Phrase Structure Grammar (Gunji 1987) and
in several papers following the publication of the book.
This book has evolved from a technical memo that was a progress report on
the Japanese phrase structure grammar (JPSG) project, which was conducted as
an activity of the JPSG Working Group at ICOT (Institute for New-Generation
Computing Technology) from 1984 to 1992. JPSG implements ideas from recent
developments in phrase structure grammar formalism, such as head-driven phrase
structure grammar (HPSG), (see Pollard & Sag 1987, 1994) as applied to the
Japanese language. The main goal of this project was to state various grammatical
regularities exhibited in natural language in general (and in Japanese in particular)
as a set of local constraints.
The book is organized in two parts. Part I gives an overview of developments in
our framework after the publication of Gunji (1987), introducing our fundamental
assumptions as well as discussing various aspects of Japanese in the constraint
based formalism and summarizing discussions of the JPSG Working Group during
the above-mentioned period. Naturally, in the period after the publication of the
above book, our discussion was centered on topics not covered in the book.
Each chapter in Part I is written by one or two of the members of the Working
Group, largely reflecting discussions and conclusions of the Working Group, but
also adding his or their own contributions. Thus, the final form and the detailed
theorization of each chapter is mainly determined by the respective author(s),
though we have been in constant contact as to the progress of the papers.
Part II contains some related papers broadly construed as being written in the
constraint-based grammar framework by members of the Working Group. They
discuss aspects of Japanese that have not been fully discussed during the regular
meetings of the Working Group. The four chapers in Part II, however, are closely
related to the chapters in Part I and indicate possible points of departure for
extensions in the future, though the authors have been allowed to be somewhat
freer in presenting their theory and choosing their topics. In particular, the topics
treated in the second part are mostly on pragmatic aspects of Japanese, which is
of little concern in Part I.
We have, however, introduced some innovative concepts in the mostly syntactic
and semantic treatment of various phenomena in Part I also. For example, the
concept of cost plays a central role both in the treatment of quantifiers (Chapter
3) and phonology (Chapter 5). This concept naturally has been used extensively
xi