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Timing-Predictable Memory Allocation In Hard Real-Time Systems PDF

183 Pages·2014·0.66 MB·English
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Timing-Predictable Memory Allocation In Hard Real-Time Systems Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades des Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften der Naturwissenschaftlich-Technischen Fakulta¨ten der Universita¨t des Saarlandes von Jo¨rgHerter Saarbru¨cken 2014 Dekan: Prof.Dr.MarkGroves Pru¨fungsausschuss: Prof.Dr.JanReineke(Vorsitzender) Prof.Dr.Dr.h.c.ReinhardWilhelm(Gutachter) Prof.Dr.EljasSoisalon-Soininen(Gutachter) Prof.Dr.AlfonsCrespo(Gutachter) AlejandroSalinger,Ph.D.(akademischerMitarbeiter) TagdesKolloquiums: 3.Ma¨rz,2014 Impressum Copyright:(cid:13)c 2014Jo¨rgHerter DruckundVerlag: epubliGmbH,Berlin,www.epubli.de ISBN978-3-8442-8742-4 Abstract Forhardreal-timeapplications,tightprovableboundsontheapplication’sworst- caseexecutiontimemustbederivable. Employingdynamicmemoryallocation, ingeneral,significantlydecreasesanapplication’stimingpredictability. Inconse- quence,currenthardreal-timeapplicationsrelyonstaticmemorymanagement. Thisthesisstudieshowthepredictabilityissuesofdynamicmemoryallocation canbeovercomeanddynamicmemoryallocationbeenabledforhardreal-time applications. Wegiveadetailedanalysisofthepredictabilitychallengesimposed oncurrentstate-of-the-arttiminganalysesbydynamicmemoryallocation. We proposetwoapproachestoovercometheseissuesandenabledynamicmemory allocationforhardreal-timesystems: automaticallytransformingdynamicinto static allocation and using a novel, cache-aware and predictable memory allo- cator. Staticallytransformingdynamicintostaticmemoryallocationallowsfor very precise WCET bounds as all accessed memory addresses are completely known. However, this approach requires much information about the applica- tion’sallocationbehaviortobeavailablestatically. Forprogramswhereastatic precomputationofasuitableallocationschemeisnotapplicable,weinvestigate approachestoconstructpredictabledynamicmemoryallocatorstoreplacethestan- dard,general-purposeallocatorsinreal-timeapplications. Wepresentevaluations oftheproposedapproachestoevidencetheirpracticalapplicability. 3 Zusammenfassung HarteEchtzeitsystemebedingenbeweisbareobereSchrankenbezu¨glichihrermax- imalenLaufzeit. DieVerwendungdynamischerSpeicherverwaltung(DSV)inner- halbeineAnwendungverschlechtertderenZeitvorhersagbarkeitimAllgemeinen erheblich. FolglichfindetsichderzeitlediglichstatischeSpeicherverwaltungin solchenSystemen. DieseArbeituntersuchtWege,Problemebezu¨glichderVorhersagbarvonAnwen- dungen,dieausdemEinsatzeinerDSVresultieren,zuu¨berbru¨cken. Aufbauend aufeinerAnalysederProbleme,denensichZeitanalysendurchDSVkonfrontiert sehen, erarbeiten wir zwei Lo¨sungsansa¨tze. Unser erster Ansatz verfolgt eine automatischeTransformationeinergegebenenDSVineinestatischeVerwaltung. DieserAnsatzerforderthinreichendgenaueInformationu¨berSpeicheranforderun- genderAnwendungsowiedieLebenszyklenderangefordertenSpeicherblo¨cke. HinsichtlichAnwendungen,beidenendieserersteAnsatznichtanwendbarist, untersuchenwirneuartigeAlgorithmenzurImplementierungvorhersagbarerVer- fahrenzurdynamischenSpeicherverwaltung. AufdiesenAlgorithmenbasierende Speicherverwalter ko¨nnen die fu¨r Echtzeitsysteme ungeeigneten, allgemeinen SpeicherverwalterbeiBedarfersetzen.WirbelegenweiterdiepraktischeAnwend- barkeitdervonunsvorgeschlagenenVerfahren. 5 Acknowledgements Manypeoplecontributedtothisthesisinamyriadofways:throughcollaborations, enlighteningdiscussions,andguidance,byprovidinganexcellentworkingand researchenvironment;orbysimplybeingarolemodel. Firstandforemost,IowemysinceregratitudetomysupervisorProfessorRein- hard Wilhelm for always providing guidance and a research environment that continuouslyofferedcountlessopportunitiesandthefreedomtosteerone’sre- searchinavarietyofinterestingdirections. I would also like to thank all the members of my thesis committee, namely Professor Eljas Soisalon-Soininen and Professor Alfons Crespo for carefully reviewingthisthesisaswellasProfessorJanReinekeandDr.AlejandroSalinger forservingonmycommittee. Someoftheresearchleadingtothisthesiswasdoneincollaborationwithother researchers:JanReineke,PeterBackes,SebastianAltmeyer,andChristophMallon. TothesecolleaguesIoweabigThankYou! forourrewardingcollaboration,their insightsandhelp. Lastbutnotleast,IwanttothankallothercurrentorpreviousmembersofRein- hardWilhelm’sresearchgroupthat,knowinglyornot,hadapositiveinfluence onmeand/ormyresearch: DanielGrund,OlegParshin,SebastianHahn,Mo- 7 hamedAbdelMaksoud,AndreasAbel,ClaireMaiza,PhilippLucas,andFlorian Haupenthal. In case I inadvertently omitted anybody to whom acknowledgment is due, I sincerelyapologizetothatperson. 8 Contents 1 Introduction 11 1.1 ContributionsandStructureofthisThesis . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.1.1 ContributionsofthisThesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.1.2 StructureofthisThesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2 OnDynamicMemoryAllocation,Caches,andStaticWCETAnal- ysis 19 2.1 ChapterOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2 DynamicMemoryAllocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3 Caches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.4 CacheAnalysisintheContextofWCETAnalysis . . . . . . . . 40 2.4.1 Ferdinand’sLRUCacheAnalyses . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.4.2 RelationalCacheAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.5 References&FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3 StaticPrecomputationofAllocationSchemes 65 3.1 ChapterOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.2 AlgorithmsforProgramswithNumericalBounds . . . . . . . . 67 3.3 AlgorithmsforProgramswithParametricBounds . . . . . . . . 80 9 Contents 3.4 AllocationSiteAwareShapeAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4 PredictableCache-AwareMemoryAllocation 107 4.1 ChapterOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.2 CAMA—ACache-AwareMemoryAllocator . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.3 AnAlternativeInterface: RelCAMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 4.4 AnAlternativeApproach: PRADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 5 ExperimentalEvaluation 137 5.1 ChapterOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 5.2 AllocatorsandMetricsUsedinourBenchmarks . . . . . . . . . 138 5.3 MemoryPerformanceforRandom(De-)AllocationSequences . 146 5.4 MemoryPerformanceforReal-LifePrograms . . . . . . . . . . 153 6 Summary&Conclusions 161 7 FutureWork 163 10

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allocation for hard real-time systems: automatically transforming dynamic into Speicherverwalter können die für Echtzeitsysteme ungeeigneten, block chunks; at the price of potentially preventing cache hits during program.
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